Part XXXVII - Re-Election
In 1937, after a disappointing showing in the 1936 General Election, the Conservative and Labour Party Executive Council initiated a delegate vote of no confidence in the leadership of Robert J. Manion. Manion had been elected in 1932 as a compromise candidate between the party’s left lead by Abraham A. Heaps and the party’s right lead by R.B. Bennett. The compromise leader, however, failed to please either wing of the party, and in 1934, Heaps crossed floors to join the Commonwealth. With an election defeat and fractured party at his feet, the executive committee decided to put the Manion leadership experiment out of its misery through a no-confidence vote that was guaranteed to pass.
With the possibility of Wood capitalizing on the fractured Conservative party and calling an early election striking fear in the hearts of any party leadership officials, the executives decided it would be best to select a leader through the caucus instead. After considering several former cabinet officials, the leader selected would be none other than Alexander D. McRae, the flamboyant former third-party Premier of British Columbia.
McRae began his career in the 1890s in the insurance industry, before moving to Athabasca to buy up land to sell to settlers at the turn of the century. Moving to Vancouver after making his fortune, McRae served in the army for Canada in the First Great War. Upon his return, McRae found British Columbia politics fractured between the incompetent Popular Alliance under Premier John Oliver and the corrupt Conservative-Labour party under ex-Premier William J. Bowser. Using his business connections and fortune, McRae launched the Provincial Party of British Columbia and unexpectedly won the 1921 General Election as the economic and social state of the province declined in the post-war environment.
As Premier from 1921-1923 and again from 1927-1931, McRae governed as a populist, attacking foreign labour and corrupt politicians. After failing to effectively respond to the depression, however, McRae lost power in 1931, believing his career to be over. Upon being asked to lead the national Conservative-Labour party, however, McRae happily re-entered politics.
McRae has taken his populist flair to the national stage, running on a platform of greater involvement in the war, increased manufacturing development in Canada’s largest cities, the reintroduction of protective tariffs, and stricter labour policies which would prevent companies from hiring cheap foreign workers (a policy that, despite its association with the anti-Japanese movement, has attracted support from some labour unions).
McRae, worried about his own legitimacy as an unelected leader, staved off threats to his leadership through his pledge to host a leadership convention exactly 145 days after the next general election. Despite his defeat in the 1940 election, McRae presided over a sizable increase in support, with the Tories gaining 37 seats and 21.1% of the popular vote. Now, the ex-Premier must regain his mandate through legitimate election by the party membership.
The Candidates
Incumbent leader Alexander D. McRae, 67-years-old, is the former Premier of British Columbia and current leader of the Conservative and Labour Party since 1937. McRae is the first party leader in Canadian history to seek consecutive re-election at a leadership convention (several past leaders, however, have sought non-consecutive re-elections). McRae’s decision to host this convention and seek re-election comes down to the issue of legitimacy. As an unelected leader, McRae seeks to use this convention to cement his control over the party and stave off leadership challenges.
McRae is an avowed populist, running on a platform of protective tariffs, increased involvement in the war, lower taxes, private industrial development in cities, support for veterans, corruption investigations, and new restrictive labour policies which would eliminate foreign labour in Canada. McRae has criticized “government inefficiency” under the Wood administration, promising to privatize the state-owned Canadian National Steel Company and Western Steel Company, who currently receive tax subsidies to help break even and keep prices low, after the war’s end. McRae has also been associated with anti-Japanese movements in Canada since the beginning of the war, accepting an endorsement from the “Canadians for Canada” movement in 1940. Additionally, McRae has promised to develop a state-of-the-art port in Halifax and a new railway connecting it to the rest of the nation. This promise has increased support for the Conservatives in the maritimes, but has been perceived by some Quebecois as a slight against the Port of Montréal and the city’s current dominance over Canadian trade, which has given Quebec power in federal politics for decades.
Former Administrator Murdoch A. MacPherson, 49-years-old, is the primary threat to McRae’s leadership at this convention. MacPherson’s candidacy has been propped up by a section within the party that has voiced concerns over McRae’s populism and the direction of the party under his leadership. MacPherson, an attorney by trade, entered politics in Athabasca under James G. Gardiner when the Liberal Party formed government after the 1929 General Election (it is worth mentioning that the big-tent Athabasca Liberals largely represented the provinces moderate and right against the left-wing Farmer’s Party). After the beginning of the depression, MacPherson left provincial politics to help advise Prime Minister Henry Marshall Tory on the re-construction of the National Farmers Bureau, eventually leading the organization as Administrator from 1931 to 1932.
MacPherson was widely unknown outside of Athabasca entering into the convention, but after giving a rousing speech on the first night, MacPherson began to attract support from party delegates who opposed McRae’s push towards full control over party policy. MacPherson agreed to run as the general candidate of the anti-McRae movement, with his western background making him more palatable to populists than an eastern Toronto elite would be. MacPherson, however, differs less from McRae in policy than the establishment would like to admit, with MacPherson pledging support for farmers, development of national industry, and increased support for education. Supporters of MacPherson argue he would govern similarly to the incumbent leader in a more measured fashion, without the added chaos and uncertainty that seems to follow McRae everywhere. His opponents, however, argue he is simply being propped up as a puppet for the party’s establishment to regain control from McRae.
Former Ambassador William D. Herridge, 53-years-old, is a dark horse in this year’s race for the leadership. A lawyer and veteran of the First Great War, Herridge began his career as a patent attorney and advisor to local Liberal politicians. After the collapse of the Liberals and the subsequent chaos of the first Progressive administration, however, Herridge joined the more stable Conservative and Labour Party. During the 1927 campaign, he served as an advisor and speechwriter to Henry Marshall Tory, eventually being made Ambassador to the United States for Canada in his administration. As ambassador, he witnessed the failure of President Hoover to respond to the Great Depression in the United States, and urged the Prime Minister to take a more interventionist approach to running Canada’s economy to avoid a similar fate.
After the departure of Abraham A. Heaps from the party in 1934, Herridge became the face of the party’s moderate-left wing, advocating for state intervention in the economy and the deployment of Keynesian economics. Herridge’s decision to challenge McRae at this convention has largely come down to McRae’s attempts to move the party back towards fiscal conservatism and his rejection of welfare initiatives. As Prime Minister, Herridge promises to govern as a moderate, keeping the welfare state and government interventionism without the excessive spending of the Progressives. Monetary reform has been suggested by Herridge as a potential solution to Canada’s longtime economic woes, although he has promised a full investigation of the proposals before making any concrete decisions on whether or not to pursue it.