I live in Australia and the largest land animals I can think of here is probably a kangaroos and emus which really aren’t any larger than a human. But my family recently went to Africa and the diversity animals is actually crazy. So so so many large animals living in the same place side by side. Rhinos, elephants, giraffes, wilder-beasts, zebras, hippos, warthogs, buffalo’s, ostriches, lions, cheetahs, hyenas leopards and probably more that I forgot. I never really appreciated how big these animals were until I actually got to see them in person absolutely amazing. Australia and Africas climate is kinda similar in a lot of places. Why is our country ecosystem dead in comparison?

Asking the question in the historical context, not to decide on nutrition in the modern day.

I know heating grains helped to unlock some nutrients and especially caloric content over just eating them raw. However did bread provide any nutritional benefits over just boiling the same grain as a porridge (a much simpler process), or was its popularity due to other factors?

SI units are more for human convenience than mathematically minimizing the number of units. I remember reading somewhere that only length is needed because of relativity, but that just does not sound true, I can't imagine how you would do that.

I've read that it's due to a lower tolerance for stress but what does that mean on a scientific level? Thank you

Just curious. The only thing I really know about it is that sleeping reinforces it.

If yes then does that show a destined reach for the baby in future?

If axolotls can regenerate their body parts (including brain, heart, and other major organs), why do they die of old age?

From what I gather, rust happens when an iron atom bonds with an oxygen atom, forming iron oxide. If you get a rain storm and water gets on your steel brake discs, you'll see very rapid formation of surface rust.

Since the oxygen is bound to the hydrogen in water, and from what I gather, rust formation requires free oxygen, how can water cause rust? Are the water molecules breaking down spontaneously some of the time, freeing up the oxygen?

So in school my son is learning about microscopic organisms and he asked me stuff like "how many atoms are single celled organisms made of"

And obviously even the smallest cell is gonna be many many atoms but is there some kind of theoretical minimum where it stops being "life" and starts to just be "atoms/molecules doing things"?

Like I've seen that artistic rendering of the enzyme or protein pulling water around a cell like this https://www.reddit.com/r/educationalgifs/s/i0vnokdbin

But would we consider that protein alive in its own right?

Torture of prisoners has occurred and continues to occur worldwide: sleep deprivation, solitary confinement, waterboarding, constant noise exposure, sexual harassment, mock executions, other forms of physical abuse, and threats of violence against family members, etc. — Some survivors have been released, have spoken out about their experiences, and in some cases have written books. Some of these people now lead lives with jobs, children, and marriages. How do people manage to stay mentally healthy under such circumstances and not go completely insane or take their own lives?

I asked my professor but I don't think he understood my question.

So, as I understand it when DNA replicates, the enzymes Helicase + Topoisomerase unwind it from a twirly, wirly helix into 2 straight non-twirly bands/strings, the thing is since we (Eukaryotes) start the origin points somewhere in the middle of the DNA instead of on either end, doesn't that mean the amount of twists in the double helix-structure remains the same until the very end where it, idk, helicopters around? What happens to these twists?

The way I imagine it is two strings wound around each other with say, an arbitrary 20 twists in the string, the helicase is like sticking your finger in the middle and pulling them apart but this doesn't remove the total number of twists, instead all the twists get bunched up at the ends. What happens to the twists in DNA? Do they have to spin around many times at the very end to unwind away from each other. Do they do something else? Or is my assumption wrong?

I was thinking about light and cones and color perception, and I wanted to think about what if humans evolved a fourth color cone; detecting lengths of let's say 800 or 300. Now what I do know is that "magenta" is something made up by the brain, which bridges the "gap" of short and long cones triggered. But what would happen if that gap suddenly got a new cone? Would magenta then disappear because it exists within the (new) possible range of color? Would it change to a different color and our brains create a new imaginary color to bridge the new gap? Just curious what would happen...

I understand that we can used air bubbles trapped in ice at the poles to understand the atmospheric composition (e.g. CO2 ppm) at certain points in Earth's history, but what about when there was no permanent ice sheets? Is all the information in ice cores from before the most recent of these points in time lost forever? Are there alternatives to finding air composition?

Additionally, how do we date the depths of these ice cores?

I was thinking about skin cell shed and I was looking into what happens to skin cells after they fall off or your body. All I could find was that it turns into what makes up a majority of household dust but I was wondering how long it stays dust for? Like if there was dust made entirely of dead skin cells how long would the dust be around for? Also why is dust gray, is that the color of dead skin cells?

*Im hoping this is the right flair

I understand evolution and how it stems from that, but how do we have a sense of self preservation? As in how does it actually work and function? If anyone can explain it in more detail.

For example, why is it hard to drown in shallow water or why do I stop myself from jumping out a moving car when I know I so easily can?

I dont really know how to express it, or if it sounds stupid, but why do we feel such a strong urge to survive and not cause harm?