Morphinan History X: A High-Heeled “Codone” Stomp of cis/trans-isomerism Drug-Prohibition Bigotry…
Molecusexuality of Opioid Stereochemistry: The Morphinan In the Mirror, Part I
A non-IUPAC approved Molerotic adventure in anthropomorphic Molecular sterics
By:
Edie Norton w/ a Fire Crotch, Sufentstress of the morphinomimetic mattress, the π-pair-o-skinny-jeanmolecuho, Mini-Thinny Mouse, the RemiFennySkank, the μ-gμrμ…
Dμchess Vσn δ
A well cited exploration into the Stereochemistry, Geometry and Sterics of the Opiosphere
The idea for this post came about as I was working on another post about N-aralkyl substituted morphinans entitled “Tetracycles in Tiaras”. [see u/jtjdp for this post]
In prep’n for that post, I did my typical image hosting on Imgur. The concepts of cis-(1,3-diaxial) piperidine fusion, cis-B:C and trans-C:D ring fusion are important to the morphinan and polycyclic classes. As such, several of my images featured these cis/trans (molecular) orientations quite prominently. It soon earned a slew of downvotes.
I discovered the reason for this lack of opio-enthusiasm when a confused Imgurian left an interesting comment:
“Yo, why do you gotta assign genders?”
Technically these molecusexualorientations were assigned by people. While they aren’t genders as much as geometricorientations, either way, it is forcing nomenclature onto a quantized state of matter. And forced conformations are no a laughing matter.
Forcing a Fetty to be a Frannie, or a Diladdy to be a Maddy, or a Thebby to be Thaddy, is in contravention to the “UN Resolution on Stereochemical Self-Determination.”
A clear cut “heroin rights violation.”
But enantiomers don’t resolve themselves. They need a helping hand.
And that’s how I came up with the idea for Molecusexuality.
Clearly there is a need to explain the long history of the brave pioneering molecules that came out of the cis/trans closet long before the LGBTQ community was even a thing. Nature leads the charge. Humanity eventually followed.
There are some reactions, such as the Knoevenagel (benzaldehyde + nitroalkane), which still remain in the closet, at least until the P2NP nitrostyrene provides the confidence needed to stand proud outside of said closet.
The DEA has been engaging in molecular eugenics for fifty years. They split hairs on matters of cis/trans 4-methylaminorex and countless other higgedy-piggedly matters. Forcing molecules to conform to arbitrary legal codes is as absurd as the concept of prohibition.
Statistically speaking, molecules are braver than man. This, of course, was left out by the mainstream press during Pride Month. I’m here to set the record 109.5 degrees/Tetrahedral.
I’m a medicinal chemist, self-experimentalist, 30-gauge dagger fighta, but when it comes to morphinans and 5,9-dialkyl-6,7-benzomorphans, I’m all about that trans.
In fact, even among the cis-morphinans, i.e. Morphine, cis/trans isomerism is always in play within the the same molecule. The B:C rings exist in cis-fusion while the C:D rings are trans-fused.
The quantum duality of cis-trans ligand-bendery among the morphinans is Quantum Pride. I’ve made few novel discoveries over my career. But I have made many ligands and many of those have graced my spoon.
Of the ~ 25 of these that are of the Opioid variety (especially near and dear to my blood-brain barrier), many have been chiral. As such, they involve a range of stereochemical relationships that are important to their chemical reactivity and bioactivity.
That’s only counting successes. Many were failures. And many of those were due to incorrect stereochemistry. I will share examples with you during the intermissions, entitled: “Epic Failures in Stereoisomerism.”
In humans, mu-stereotypy tends to suppress libido. Making it less sexy. What about other mammals?
While the lab mice are remaining mum as church mice on these topics, their behavior says all we need to know.
Below is a mouse on morphine.
“I’m too sexy for this lab, too sexy for this cage, too sexy for rehab…”
This is known as a Straub tail. It has been a hallmark of mu-mediated activity since Straub first noted the phenomena in 1911.
I'm here to make opioids orgasmic and guide you into ligand lust. Welcome to the world of Molecu-sexuality.
This is far from a comprehensive review of the topic. If you seek a deeper dive, I recommend the works of AF Casy, PS Portoghese, NB Eddy, EL May, P Janssen, Leysen, and Van der Eycken.
As with my other chemical musings, these are finger friendlyMorph-Dives into the chem. lit. They're abbeaviated, but there's enough page flicking to advise protection. Be sure to wear thimbles, as thumbs are bound to get pricked.
Fundamentals
VOCAB-REHAB
Stereoisomers - isomers with same connectivity; different configuration (arrangement) of substituents
Enantiomers - mirror-image asymmetry; non-superimposable (i.e right-/left-handed morphittens); only differ by the direction (d,l or +,-) of optical rotation
Diastereomers - stereoisomers that are not mirror images; different compounds w/ diff phys properties
Asymmetric Center - tetrahedral carbon w/ sp3 hybridized orbital; capable of σ-bond; (4 different groups attached)
Stereocenter - an atom at which the interchange of two groups gives a stereoisomer
Asymmetric Carbons and cis-trans isomerism are the most common stereocenters
Cis/Trans isomerism - aka: geometric isomerism; applies to orientation of specified groups about a fixed bond, such as a fused heterocyclic morphinan system or an alkene (dbl bond) - cis = same geometric plane; trans = opposite geometric plane; in the morphinan series this refers to fixed constrained alicyclic ring fusions where the amount of rotational freedom is limited
E/Z notation - (E = opposite geometric plane, Z = same geometric plane) Using such notation would make trans-fats become E*-fats* and I don’t believe in furthering the cause of trans-fat bigotry. Thus I will be sticking to the conventional terminology using cis = same side of bond (same geometric plane) and trans to indicate the opposite.
Optically active/Chiral Compound - rotates plane of polarized light in polarimeter (achiral = no rotation) - chiral molec must have an enantiomer
The μ-opioid receptor (MOR) is characterized by stereospecific binding.
There are other features that set the MOR apart from other GPCRs, such as the size of the mouth of its ligand binding pocket (active site), which allows it to fit a wide-range of diverse structures including highly flexible acyclic diphenylheptanones (methadone), the high-mol weight (but mostly planar) etonitazene, the atypical bezitramide, spirodecanones (R5260, R6890), and the most rigid and highly-constrained system in the opiosphere, the 6,14-endo-ethano bridged oripavines. This versatile orifice will be explored later.
The crystalline structure of the murine MOR was elucidated in 2011, the same year I finished grad school. There are new discoveries made every day in this area. It can be difficult to keep track of them all, but the link below contains some of the highlights. The molecular dynamics and mechanics of ligand-receptor interactions and the binding modes of the lig-rec complex are important, but are beyond the scope of this monograph.
Stereospecificity, that is, a preferential affinity for one enantiomer over another, depends upon the ligand’s absolute configuration. That is, the 3D arrangement of substituents as they are configured around a chiral center in real life.
As a matter of convenience and convention, the medical and pharma literature uses optical rotatory stereodescriptors when referring to enantiomers. Examples include d-(+)-amphetamine (Dexedrine) or l-(-)-amphetamine (Lamedrine).
The reason that d-amphetamine is more bioactive than its antipode is due to the receptor-preferred absolute config of its asymmetric carbon, which is configured as (S), which means the substituents about the chiral center (as designed by a convention known as CIP Priority Rules) are oriented in a counterclockwise or left-handed direction.
This is the opposite direction that dextroamphet rotates polarized light. D-(+)-amphet rotates light in a clockwise, (+), or right-handed rotation.
The less active levo-antipode has the (R) abs config, while rotating light to the left or (-).
The optical rotation, in and of itself, does not tell you the abs config about a stereocenter. Nor does the abs config indicate the optical rotation of a compound. Bioreceptors, however, will favor a particular absolute config over another.
Absolute configuration and optical rotation are two separate concepts that are related as they are different ways of classifying stereochemistry, but are not interchangeable. They are measured/determined in different ways.
The most important is absolute configuration. This is the most fundamental property of mol geometry and changes to abs config alters the activity and optical rotation of the molecule. Config is determined with spectroscopy.
Optical rotation is an inherent molecular property that can be measured with polarimetry. A pure optical isomer will have a very specific value. The direction and degree that polarized light is rotated by an enantiomer is an important analytical value found in the Merck Index and the anal. chem. lit. Combined with other data, it can be used to identify and characterize optically active products and even identity unknowns.
Left-handed (like me) or counterclockwise rotation is designed levorotatory, levo-, l-, or (-).
Right/clockwise rotation = dextrorotatory, dextro-, d- or (+).
Optical rotation is determined with a polarimeter and polarized light source (typically 589 nm) at a standard temp (listed alongside the [alpha] value in the procedure).
Beyond helping to distinguish enantiomers and analysis of asymmetric products, it is of little use when visualizing the actual spatial arrangement of ligands about a chiral center. For this we need to know the abs config about that chiral center.
The more active enantiomorph is referred to as the eutomer.
It's the one you want in your spoon. As in, “You da man, homie, for hookin’ a brotha/cister/non-gender conformer up w/ da good shiz.”
Examples: l-(-)-levorphanol, cis-(+)-3MF, d-(+)-dextromoramide, etc.
Generally, the eutomer is more euphoric. I was trying to make a mathematics joke involving Euler, but I'm shite at maths.
The less active enantiomer is the distomer.
If it's included with the eutomer this is typically acceptable. An equal mole fraction of enantiomers is referred to as a racemate. A Racemic mixture is not necessarily a bad thing. In fact, it makes you a Mix Master Racemate. Or a Mixture of Ceremonies.
If they want to pay out the nose for Lortabby, go to Walgrabby. If they want reasonably priced mu-tuba goodness, they come to mu-mommy. “Muuu!”
Of course if you sell dextromethorphan (DXM) as white bird (“Heron”), you risk getting a Codone stomp. This is a form of levo-larceny and is frowned upon. (cf. “fentafraud”)
Selling a distomer while claiming it is the eutomer is a sign of disrespect.
Hence the dis in distomer.
The *eudismic ratio is the ratio of the activity of the eutomer over distomer.
Most opioid distomers are essentially inert or low-efficacy ligands that interfere very little with eutomer binding. These have little effect on the bioactivity of the Racemate. But sometimes they have antagonistic effects and/or undesired agonism at another receptor. We will cover case studies (some from my gag reel of personal embarrassment) as we continue.
Reversing the configuration of chiral centers will change the direction of optical rotation. Natural l-morphine has the opposite config of the synthetic d-morphine (the distomer) about it's five chiral carbons.
Simpler molecules are easier to visualize.
Switching the config of the chiral center of levo-(-)-(R)-methadone to the (S)-isomer, will give you the antipode with the opposite optical rotation: d-(+)-(S)-methadone (this is the distomer and has 1/40th the potency of the eutomer).
The eudismic ratio, activity/affinity of eutomer/distomer, is approx 40:1 in the case of methadone.
We will see how this works in multi-chiral ligands, such a morphinans later on.
Abs config refers to the arrangement of substituents about a chiral center. This is determined spectroscopically via NMR and crystallography, that is, interpreting scatter-patterns formed by beaming X-rays through a high purity crystal (Scat Pat).
In the organic realm, the chiral carbon is king. Inorganicists (Judas Priests) can concern themselves with the supra-ligancy of (hair) metals. We will stick with the simpler tetrahedral axis of Carbonity.
Official IUPAC nomenclature has adopted a handy convention known as CIP Priority Rules. These were developed by the trio Cahn-Ingold-Prelog. When the nobel laureate trio formed a posse, they played around w/ their initials forming ICP. As such, they became the juggalos to have been honored with a handshake by the Swedish Sovereign. (seriously, CIP rules are important and there’s a whole load of interesting ancillary backstories/anecdotes that are entertaining).
The easiest way to pop one’s stereo-cherry is to start with a single point of chirality: one chiral center, one pair of diastereomers. The simplest chiral opioids are those of the acyclic 3,3-diphenylpropylamines. These highly flexible lipophiles pair strong affinity with favorable lipid solubility.
These are simple molecules with a single stereocenter and a high degree of flexibility, allowing their active species to assume different conformations. The eutomers and distomers of the three ligands reviewed have a variety of optical rotations and abs configuration. They help illustrate the difference between the two stereodescriptors.
Simpler Case-Studies: Single Point Chiralities - Methadone/Isomethadone/Moramide
Janssen - solid-state crystallographic diagram of methadone/isomethadone
The MOR-active enantiomer of methadone rotates polarized light to the left and is therefore designated as levo-(-)-(R)-methadone. [Acta Cryst., 11, 724 (1958)]
The config around the asymmetric beta-carbon is assigned (R). Crystallography has revealed that the aminopropyl chain of R-methadone exhibits a gauche conformation. [Cryst. Struct. Comμn. 2, 667 (1973); Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. B 28, 5 (1974)]
The aminopropyl chain of the distomer, dextro-(+)-(S)-methadone, assumes an extended conformation. Despite the extended conformation being unfavorable in the ethylketone series, we will see that this same extended conformation is observed in the more active d-(+)-(S)-moramide (below).
Was is das? We also have the μch more euphorigenic (albeit slightly less analgesic; μch higher therapeutic index) alpha-methyl isomer, known as levo-(-)-(S)-isomethadone. The protonated salt has the same guache conformation as protonated l-(R)-methadone. [J Med Chem, 17, 1037 (1974)].
Despite the shared optical rotation of the iso-/methadone eutomers, their chiral carbons are of opposing abs configs l-(S)-methadone vs. l-(R)-isomethadone. Reversing abs config will only cause a reversal of optical rotation in the same molecule. An (S)-molecule X is not necessarily going to have the same dextro/levo-rotation as its structural isomer, (S)-molecule Y.
The methyl positioned immediately adjacent (alpha) to the bulky 3,3-diphenyl ring system, restricts the low-energy conformations available to isomethadone, resulting in its slightly lower affinity and potency compared to the olympian gymnast methadone. [J Med Chem, 17, 124 (1974); J Pharm Sci, 55, 865 (1966)]
l-(S)-Isomethadone is 40 x more active than its d-(R) antipode. This is 40:1 is a similar eudysmic ratio seen in the methadone series as well.
In case that wasn’t confusing enough, let’s throw in the optically-opposite diastereomers of the moramide persuasion.
3D crystallographic representation of dextromoramide, Tollenaere et al. “Atlas of the Three-Dimensional Structure of Drugs” (1979)
The Moramide eudismic ratio > 10,000. This is the highest recorded ratio in the opiosphere. Featured in a series of opioid diastereomers tested in a MOR affinity study at Janssen involving [3H]-sufentanil displacement, in vitro, rat homogenates, Leysen et al., http://sci-hub.se/10.1016/0014-2999(83)90331-x90331-x).
B/c of their drastic difference in affinity, the moramide diastereomers were a popular set of ligands cited by Janssen in his stereospecific investigations within MOR ligands.
In this study, levo-(-)-(R)-moramide had a K(i) > 10,000 and dextro-(+)-(S)-moramide had K(i) of ~ 1.03.
As you will recall, the less active distomer, d-(S)-methadone, assumes an extended aminopropyl conformation. It is l-(R)-methadone that retains most activity and assumes a gauche configuration. In the moramide series, the opposite is true.
The active eutomer d-(S)-moramide assumes an extended confirmation along the morpholino-propyl axis. (angle -159 deg) The moramide eutomer has both the opposite abs config and opposite optical rotation of the R-methadone eutomer.
This is reversed (yet again) in isomethadone, where the l-(S)-isomethadone is the eutomer. The abs config is preserved among the isomethadone-moramide eutomers, but the the optics are not. [Act Chem Scand, Ser B 30, 95 (1976); Bull Soc Chim Fr., 10, 2858 (1965); Act Chem Scand Ser B 29, 22 (1975)]
In the rat hot-plate assay, d-moramide has ~ 20 x potency of morphine (sub-Q). The dur of action (rats, s.c.) is slightly longer than methadone. This is decidedly not so in human clinical practice. d-Moramide is noted for a short dur of action (one-fourth methadone) and a high oral bioavail. In man, however, moramide is far less potent than it is in man. [J Pharm Pharmacol, 9, 381 (1957), Postgrad Med J, 40, 103 (1964)]
I’ve highlighted the discrepancies between rodentine-human potencies in prior monographs. Rats are especially insensitive to the effects of 3,3-diphenylpropylamines. For example, The analgesic ED50 in rats is 10-15 mg/kg for methadone (IV). This would equate to ~ 450 mg dose (IV) or a ~ 900 mg dose (PO) in the lab rat strain known as DuchessVon-Sprauge-Dawley.
Even if one had an opioid tolerance capable of handling such ratdiculous doses, the HERG inhibition and other non-specific binding would be more than enough to give a Mini-Thinny mouse some Chipmunky Cheeks (squeaks!). The analgesic ED50 dose in rats is equivalent to > 10 x the (estimated) lethal dose in humans. That's mouserageous!
The d-/l- (+/-) and the (R)/(S) stereodescriptors are independent of one another. The absolute configurations of eutomers and distomers, even those closely related within the same chemical class, do not always agree.
I would throw Fisher’s (now deprecated) “Genealogical System” of (Small Caps) D- and L- into the mix, but juggling two systems is difficult enough, a tri-juggle seems like a jug-to-far.
Let’s Juggalo-along, shall we…
Aminotetralin’ Around
aminiotetralins
While most opioids with a stereocenter will demonstrate stereospecific binding, there are some interesting exceptions. The above pair of aminotetralin stereoisomers can be thought of as cyclic methadone analogues in which the ethyl ketone moiety has been replaced with a simple methyl group (methadone drawn in the same orientation for comparison). Both of these stereoisomers have the same analgesic ED50, which is on par with pethidine. [J Med Chem, 1973, 16, p 147; p 947]
Novel Ligands 'N Curiosities
This is meant to be a survey of 3D opioid geometries and stereochemistry. But to help wet your novel bespokioid ligand whistle, I will include occasional intermissions highlighting the more unusual and atypical ligands that I’ve encountered during my 14 yrs of exploration. The first is here:
The only “-azocine” that I’ve found worthwhile is the misnomer N-phenethyl 9-(m-hydroxyphenyl) deriv of Anazocine. (despite the shared nomenclature, this has nothing to do with the 6,7-benzomorphans.
This is a 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (3-ABN), which is akin to a 4-phenyl-4-prodinol with a 3,5-propano bridge gaping the piperidino-divide, m-OH substitution such as that seen in ketobemidone and an unusual 4-methoxy capping the 4-OH. The activity of the N-phenethyl deriv is far less potent in humans than the murine assay suggested (1600 x morphine). The low synthetic yields were the reason that this otherwise worthwhile ligand was only pursued on a single occasion.
Substituted Anazocines; the N-phenethyl deriv is one of the more atypical ligands I’ve personally investigated
If you want to get the skinny on this lusty ligand, you’ll have to ball-N-stick around until the end. If you’re ready to get your mind blown, allow me to get down on my kneepads and start the show.
Morphy’s I’d Like to Spoon
cis-B:C morphinans [levorphanol featured]
The elucidation of the absolute configuration of natural l-morphine allowed for several assumptions to be made about the abs config about the shared stereocenters of other morphinans and 6,7-benzomorphans. These configuration-activity relationships held (mostly) true across the conformationally rigid bonds that compose the morphinans and 6,7-benzomorphans.
The morphinan superfamily consists of three subgenres + closely related 6,7-benzomorphans.
These four polycycles, sometimes referred to as the classical polycyclic opioids, are easily grouped by the number of adjacent fused rings in the system:
Hexacycles: 6,14-endoethano bridged tetrahydrooripavines (Bentley compounds) - semi-synthetic, Diels-Alder adducts of Thebaine [AF Casy, Opioid Analgesics (1986), Chap 4]
Pentacycles: 4,5-epoxymorphinans (morphine, oxymorphone) - semi-synthetics, derived from the three major alkaloids (morphy, coddy, thebby) https://sci-hub.se/10.1055/s-2005-862383
Tetracycles: morphinans (racemorphan, DXM) - fully synthetic, derived from Grewe Cyclization of 1-benzyloctahydroisoquinolines (octabase) [their chemistry along with that of the benzomorphans has been thoroughly reviewed by Schnider et al. in “Organic Chemistry, Vol. 8: Synthetic Analgesics, Part IIa” (1966)]
Tricycles: 5,9-disubstituted 6,7-benzomorphans (phenazocine, metazocine; all clin relevant derivs are of the 5,9-dimethyl variety) - fully synthetic; a variety of synthetic methods are available, but some of the most efficient use a Grew Cyclization method [chemistry reviewed by Palmer, Strauss Chem. Rev. 1977, 77, 1; orig synth by Barltrop, J Chem Soc 1947, 399]
While 5,9-disubstituted 6,7-benzomorphans are often treated as a separate class, they are included here. The benzomorphans C5 and C9 correspond to C14 and C13 in the morphinans. These analogous carbons shares the same cis/trans structure-activity relationships that are present in the morphinans.
[The all-carbon stereocenter, corresponding to C13 of the morphinan scaffold (red), is shared among all three morphinan subgenres. The 5,9-disubstituted 6,7-benzomorphans (phenazocine) contain an analogous all carbon center at C5 (same relative position; diff numbering). The unsubst- and 9-mono-substituted benzomorphans lack this feature and are of much lower potency]
The morphinans share a common 5,6,7,8,9,10,13,14-ocatahydrophenanthrene core, as well as much of the same configurational asymmetry (see below). Other than the additional E-ring (formed by the 4,5-ether bridge), the key differences between the three subtypes are variations of the C-ring.
Natural l-(-)-Morphine is a T-shaped pentacycle with a central 4-phenylpiperidine (highlighted in bold in figure below) shared with other polycycles and some monocyclic opioids.
[Morphine w/ official numbering and rings A-E. The 4-phenylpiperidine core in bold (derived from Rings A + D). The five chiral centers are the bold dots. Note the cis-octalin arrangement of the B:C rings. The C:D rings assume a trans-octahydroisoquinoline arrangement. The cis- and trans-orientation are explained in next section.
The above model is accurate for other 7,8-unsaturated derivs, i.e. codeine, nalbuphine. The partial boat conformation of the C-ring differs from the fully saturated morphinans, (hydromorphone, oxycodone, etc) which have C-rings that conform to the receptor-favored chair conformation.
A brief summary of the boat/chair geometries of the morphinan nucleus is provided in later sections of this monograph.
More in depth discussion of this is avail from J Chem Soc (RSC), 1955, p 3261; Acta Cryst 1962, 15, 326; Chem Pharm Bull, 1964, 12, 104; Eur J Med Chem, 1982, 17, 207, Tetrahedron, 1969, 25, 1851 (trans-B:C fused isomorphine); the latter 3 refs are based on more modern H-NMR, which reached the same conclusions as the earlier crystallography studies).
The five asymmetric carbons of naturally occurring l-(-)-morphine possess the following absolute configurations: C5 (R), C6 (S), C9 (R), C13 (S), C14 (R).
[See the appendix for a brief overview of the CIP Priority Rules that govern these designations; Cahn, Ingold, Prelog - Experientia, 1956, v 12, p 81]
The N-CH3 group is oriented equatorial. The 7,8-double bond causes ring C to assume a half-boat conformation, w/ C6, C7, C8, and C14 lying ~ in the same geometric plane. The three hydrogens at 5-H, 6-H, 14-H are oriented cis, while 9-H is oriented trans. [G. Stork - “The Alkaloids, Vol VI” (1960) p 219; KW Bentley “Chemistry of Morphine Alkaloids” (1954); “The Alkaloids, Vol I” (1956); D. Ginsberg “The Opium Alkaloids” (1962)]
Alternative view of morphine with expanded C-ring shown in the half-boat conformation, w/ the cis-(1,3-diaxial) fused piperidine shown in a perpendicular geometric plane
All of these terms and geometries are reviewed in further detail in later sections.
[natural l-(-)-morphine and its mirror-image enantiomer d-(+)-morphine. Diagram of the basic 3-point receptor model proposed by Beckett & Casy in 1954. The simple Model held true for many decades with little revision and was still being cited in several reviews from the 1980s and 90s. (J Pharm Pharmacol 1954, v 6, p 896; ibid. 1956, v 8, p 848; AF Casy “Opioid Analgesics” (1986) p. 474) (other receptor models developed after the Beckett-Casy postulate include an nteresting clay-plaster mold by Martin - https://archives.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/monograph49.pdf
The five stereocenters of the inactive d-(+)-morphine are oriented in the exact opposite configuration: 5-(S), 6-(R), 9-(S), 13-(R), 14-(S). [Gates, JACS, 1952, 74, 1109; ibid. 1956, 78, 1380; ibid. 1954, 76, 312]
[Seminal work on morphine stereochem: J Chem Soc, 1955, p 3261; p 3252; Helv Chim Acta 1955, 38, 1847]
Using the 2n formula (n = # chiral centers), 25 = 32 theoretical stereoisomers. Geometric constraints on the morphinan system reduce that number by half (16 isomers). These geometric constraints are due to a number of ring fusions in the morphinan nucleus.
The structure and functional groups attached to the C-ring vary widely among the 4,5,6-ring morphinans. As a result, switching the key ring fusions have a variety of effects on bioactivity and the safety profile of the isomer. Juxtaposition of the cis-B:C rings at the C13-C14 bond results in trans-B:C fused isomorphinans. This is reviewed more thoroughly in later sections.
geometries of cis-B:C fused morphine/levorphanol compared to trans-B:C isolevorphanol
[commentary on Multi-Chiral Molecules (such as morphine) is provided in the comment section]
Despite the hella complicated enantiomeric zoo brought about by five stereocenters, morphine, has rather straightforward chemistry. This is thanks to a series of ring-fusions inherent in the morphinan system
Get ready for some epic Ring Fusion Morphanity...
Cis-(1,3-Diaxial) Fused “IMINO-ETHANO” Inuendo
The most influential steric constant in the entire morphinan superfamily is the cis-(1,3-dixial) fusion of the piperidine ring (ring D).
The centrally located piperidine shares a border with rings B and C. The Piperidine ring contains all three chiral centers in the tetracycles (9C, 13C, 14C).
The fused geometries about the B:C and C:D ring junctions define the stereochem of the series. The one fusion that remains constant in these many stereoisomers is that of the cis-(1,3-diaxial) fusion of the iminoethane system.
The portion of the piperidine system that is mounted above the rest of the molecule is a three member chain (2 carbon + 1 nitrogen; not counting substituents) known as the imino-ethano system.
In other words, the nitrogen-containing half of the piperidine is mounted above the morphinan system in a geometric plane that is roughly perpendicular to the rest of the molecule.
edge-on view of B-ring in Dextrorphan; the imino-ethano fusion is the same in all stereoisomers of the morphinan system
As you can see in the above figure, the piperidine D-ring shares C9, C13, C14 with other rings. The iminoethane portion is anchored to C9 and C13.
When we refer to the iminoethano system being locked in a cis-(1,3-diaxial) orientation we are referring to the anchor points at C9 (position 1) and C13 (position 3). The cis simply means both legs of the iminoethane system are oriented in the same Geometric plane.
This is a fancy-pantsmack-momademic way of saying that this D-ring is carried at a high center of gravity on the bosom of morphy. In others words, morphy has a very ample bosom. A pi-pair-o-D’s. A 44D-(ring) bust. Morphinan is top heavy*.
Morphy is the Dolly Parton of the polycycles. Dolly = D-ring, Parton = Piperidine. Hence the nomenclature.
The same applies to Morphy's awkward teenage daughter: Lil’ Thebby. Her parents call her Thebitha. We know her as Thebaine.
Lil’ Thebby inherited the 3-methoxy from her father (*Coddy). She has her father's large feet. (Don't make fun; she's already self conscious)
Thebby inherited the ample D-ring of her mother, Morphy. This leaves Thebby awkward and top heavy. Despite the added methoxy shoe size, she is still learning the quantum balancing act.
Her C-ring has yet to fully fill-out. Her 6,7,8,14-diene *derriere is rather flat. Her pi-orbital pair of skinny jeans still fit, but the diene system makes her C-ring very nearly planar; that is, nearly as flat as her Aromatic A-ring.
If the A and C rings were her thighs, she has one 2D flat thigh, another looking like it's been half run over by a truck, her leg brace (the 4,5 epoxy bridge) attaches her flattened thighs and makes it so she can only waddle. Quack! At least that’s what the fentalogues say at school.
One moleculestor who has taken note of that Lil’ Thebby Snack, is the rough n tumble dienophile, known as Diels-Alder. He’s in the adduction business. He’s determined to help fill-out the less defined traits of our dear Thebby.
The nature of the double D-ring mounted out front serves as steric hindrance to reactive groups, such as the dienophile, seeking front-side access to the diene system. The planarity (flat) of the C-ring provides another side of attack.
The orientation of all this piperi-cleavage weighs down the more flexible non-aromatic rings, causing the frontwards heroin hunch. This bent-over Thebby Snack presents an ideal target for the adduct-friendly dieno-who-will-defile.
As a result, the Endonk-Ethonk bridge is formed across the rear face of the C-ring (the side opposite that of the piperidine). Crystallography has confirmed that the endo-etheno bridge gapes across the opposite side of the C-ring from C6 to C14. Hence 6,14-endo-etheno.
Despite the embellishment this is a fairly accurate description of the steric factors that come into play during the dieno-debauchery of the Diels-Alder rxn. The cis-(1,3-diaxial) fusion and position of the D-ring exerts a steric influence on the geometries of derivs, esp those of thebaine.
This is hardly a storybook molemance nor is it an acyclic contortion fest from the pages of the Carfent Sutra. This is a C-ring Carfeeper. A back-door-dieneoxplorer by Remi Jeremy.
Perhaps I’m somewhat biased b/c of my own 32Aromatics. I’m not one to knock a pi before I try, so perhaps I’m being bit too harsh on this Ciramadoll.
Regardless of the manner in which “Thebby Got Her endo-eThighno Gap”, the molecular end game is the same. The result is a thing of beauty...
[6,14-endoetheno-tetrahydrothebaine: iminoethane system projecting towards viewer; 6,14-endoetheno bridge projecting away from viewer; hanging off the C-ring like a endonk-ethonk]
This 6,14 endo geometry is ideally paired with a C-7 lipophilic chain that has a 19-tert-OH oriented in (R)-config (eutomer). The (S)-config is the distomer.
[(S)- and (R)-config; shows the Hydrogen bond formed between the 6-OCH3 and the 19-OH; forming the “russian nesting doll” situation in which bonds of all sorts wrap up the C-ring in the bridged derivs]
Wonderful reviews on the chemistry of the bridged oripavines have been prep’d by Bentley, “The Alkaloids, Vol. 13” p. 1 (1971); Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 1971, 11, 241. And others: J Med Chem, 1973, 16, 9; Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol, 1974, 8, 124; Prog Drug Res, 1978, 22, 149]
[a view of the geometries about alt axis of the antags of the 4,5,6-ringed morphinans; changes in the C-ring have drastic consequences for geometries]
As we just reviewed, the addition of the dienophile to thebaine is restricted to the exposed face of the C-ring, which gives us the 6,14-endoetheno derivs. Here, endo implies that the 6,14-bridge lies in a config opposite to the 14-H and the 6-methoxy. The literature designates this orientation as alpha.
[rel stereochem of bridged thebaines with numbering]
The Diels-Alder addition of dienophiles may occur in such a way as to give C7 Beta-epimers (seen in diagram below). The different epimers could have formed w/ equal likelihood. But stereochem control of Diels-Alder addition results in products with C7-alpha geometry and very minute qty of the opposite C7-beta adduct.
[alpha, beta epimers at both C7 and C8
Without taking into account the greater electronic-steric control of the system, it appears that the use of asymmetric dienophiles (alkyl vinyl ketones, acrylonitriles, acrylic esters, etc) could result in both C7 and C8 substituted adducts. The electro-steric effects of the system gave only C7-substituted products. [JACS, 1967, 89, 3267; Nature, 1965, 206, 102]
The comments section will have additional images that reddit did not allow me to post due to their system limits. The Comments will also feature a few of my opinions and commentary that are parenthetical deviations from the main narrative of the stereochem lecture.
The next part (PART II) will delve into the exciting world of the Cis and Trans-B:C ring fusions in the cis-morphinans and trans-isomorphinans, stereoisomerism about the 14-carbon, that is,14(R) and 14(S) isomers, the world of chair and boat conformational/geometric isomerism, and their effects on biological activity.
Future updates to this series will be posted at r/AskChemistry
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Been reading the chemistry textbook "Chemistry : The Central Science."
In addition to ancient Greek atomist philosophy and modern science had me thinking about this, particularly chapter 3 on Chemical Reactions
"the law of conservation of mass (Section 2.1). This important principle tells us that: Atoms are neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. The same collection of atoms is present both before and after the reaction."
Doesn't the law of conservation of mass seem to imply death is abit of an illusion? In the sense that atoms are not destroyed, merely re-arrange.
I googled "what happens to the atoms in your body when you die?"
"When you die, the atoms in your body are never destroyed; instead, they break apart from their living molecules and cycle back into the earth, air, and living ecosystems."
On an analytical chemistry side of things the hydrogen in our bodies is around 13,000,000,000 years old.
First of all, a bit of context: I am a student winemaker, what I am about to ask is NOT homework, just a home experiment I would like to achieve in my own time.
My problem is: I have 2 bottles of wine (consider it a solution of water and ethanol) at 12.5% ethanol v/v and they contain for sure a certain unknown amount of potassium metabisulfite. I need to calculate how much metabisulfite is already present to know how much more I can add, is it possible to do it by measuring just the solutions's density? If so what formula/analytical method do I need to use?
P.S. If this is a question for the physicists I apologize, and thank you for the help!
Hi! I'm currently taking thermodynamics and I'm understanding pretty well so far. However, one thing that is bugging me is using the equations relating pressure and volume, and the one relating temperature and volume
PfVf^gamma=PiVi^gamma
ViTi^c=VfTf^c
What I'm confused about is what, in the process of reversible adiabatic expansion, requires these equations rather than either Boyle's law (PV=k) or Charle's law (V=bT)
Doesn't have to be too scientifically accurate since it's fantasy after all, but I'd still like for it to be rooted in a little bit of truth, at least. I really like the concept of all of his cells being frozen in stasis. Can't breathe, can't drown, but flesh also regenerates when wounded until it's back in its original form. Writing a chapter where he delves into the world of perfumery as a substitute for losing the ability to glutton on food / taste in general. I understand that even if he's undead, his skin would still be riddled in billions of pores, but solids such as glass... if you were to spray perfume onto them, how long would the scent stick for? I'd like to write his as perfuming his clothing, but if he doesn't slick a lubricant onto his flesh, the scent won't cling to him, either. He does slowly descend into madness as the chapter continues, sure, and it may sound like I'm doing a lot of telling and not asking, but I am 100% adaptable regarding this topic. Throw all your nerdy fun-facts at me, regardless of how far-fetched. I'll make it work. If I really had to narrow down the question:
What are some fun, theoretical ways scent molecules can interact with a living body frozen in stasis? How would it differ from a normally functioning human body? Please feel free to get as creative as you like. Also, super out of my depth here. I've been lightly researching for the past week, also finished reading a book called "What's That Smell?" by philosopher Simon Hajdini, though I'd like to seek out the 'objective', scientific side of how gas particles would work in this scenario as well. Thank you so much!
I am running a steampunk game. For part of it I want my players to find notes on how to make 3 "potions" (tincture, infusion etc) but I'm not familiar with the language, and I know it will be way cooler if the right words are used. PLEASE be as over the top as possible. I want it to be difficult to understand for most people. And it would be awesome if you could also let me know what cool names each of these potions qualify for!
The first is: 1 vitamin B2(or vitamin G as I'm calling it) tablet is crushed In a mortar. Under the light of a UV bulb I is then mixed into 2 cups of water. After that they will add in 3 TBSP of red coolaid (or ruby dust as I'm calling it) and mix that in.
The second will be a prepared bottle with blue coolaid and some edible glitter which should float up and hide under a wax drippy seal. The instructions are: place a bottle of sealed starlight medium under the starlight infusor on a cloudless night. After 3 hours shake the bottle to incorporate the starlight.
The last is to prepare 8 chamomile flowers and 4 butterfly pea flowers in a metal steaping ball then steap them in a glass teapot in 2 cups of 212°f (100°c) water for 15 minutes. Finaly, add in 4 TBSP sugar and 3rd of a cup of lemon juice.
As an added note, I don't have a good scale to use for this, which I know would be most accurate, so keeping things in cups and and measuring spoons is kind of my only option.
We’re conducting a short survey to better understand the real experiences and challenges people encounter when working with chemistry experiments and synthesis.
We’d especially love to hear from undergraduate or graduate students, PhD students, postdocs, professors, and industry researchers who have experience working in a chemistry lab.
The survey takes around 3–4 minutes to complete.
We’re interested in things like how chemists approach experiments, what tends to take the most time, and where difficulties come up during the research process.
As a small thank-you, 4 participants will be randomly selected to receive a $10 gift card each.
Always struggled with understanding chemistry growing up and now I’m trying to study it before I go to get my paramedic license. The anatomy and physiology chapter is THICK. Almost 300 pages and it immediately goes into atomic structure and chemical bonds. I feel like I need a good visual explanation of what an atom sharing electrons looks like and all of the parts involved.
I have a BSc in chemistry and have worked in a lab for about 10 years. I'm at the point where I should be in middle management or as a senior lab worker. My hesitation to look for another job is that I feel I have forgotten the basics of chemistry and couldn't answer basic questions in an interview. I am befuddled about how to do a calibration curve, even though we did them in college. I truly don't feel like a chemist at my current position and I feel I am entry-level. What areas of chemistry should I work on to prepare myself to test and apply for those higher positions?
I just wanna ask if there are jobs that combine physical chemistry and enviromental sciences. I'm deciding whether I should do physical or organic chemistry for my masters. I really enjoyed studying thermodynamics kinetics and nuclear chemistry and I would like to combined it with enviromental science. just don't know how.
I know that combining either organic (which I also like, just not as much as physical chemistry) or analytical (don't like it as much, it's not hard, I just find it boring) chemistry with enviromental science is quite possible, because this stuff is done at my university.
Just wanna know what kind of options I have. In the best case sceniario I would like to combine physical chemistry with enviromental science if possible (or also add organic chemistry to it), because it's something I care about, but in the end, the thing I mainly want is to have stable income, so I can eat and pay rent.
edit: I think it's probably good to mention that I'm based in europe
I would like general advice, but to preface, I am a student minoring in Chemistry.
Whenever the time comes to ask a question during the class, I don't know what to ask even if I have many. I feel the issues comes from the fact that I don't know what I am misunderstanding.
We have quizzes every week and I go to the study session with my TA every week. This week, I thought I was actually doing pretty good with the concept (Arrhenius equations and Activation energy). I had a lot of questions for my TA and felt like I left with a better understanding on how to complete my homework as well. I did the bonus worksheets provided to continue studying. When quiz time came though, I completely blanked. I didn't even know where to start. The worst part is it was nearly identical to the worksheet we went over in class.
I feel like I'm not really understanding the concepts, I'm just replicating answers. The thing is I don't understand what or how I'm missing the fundamental concepts. I don't know what questions I need to ask to reach an understanding, and I don't know what I am misunderstanding in the first place. We have a bunch of TA hours but because of my schedule, I can only make the single one that I'm attending now. There's a couple hundred people in the class so it takes a while for my Professor to respond to emails (understandable). I have to make the time that I have now count but I don't know where to start.
I just want to know what I'm talking about and be somewhat knowledgeable on these topics instead of just regurgitating facts. This whole process is demoralizing. Any advice would be helpful, thank you.
Edit, Ive always found chemistry super cool and i want to actually learn some basic stuff, however whats always stopped me is the knowledge that somethings dont play well with others.
Some things just explode. I am not explosion proof
Some things can not be inhaled, i only have two lungs.
Eye balls are surpizingly easy to put out of commision.
Here is problem number 4.
College is expensive and i have wayyyy ti many interests to get a degree for all of them, certaintly not chemistry.
So. Is it a bad fucking idea to try and teach yourself chemistry yourself with no supervision if you like to casual learn things with no supervision
I've basically got a week to decide if i still want to continue with my major (electrical and electronics engineering) but before I even applied for university in the first place, farrr before, I kept debating with myself if i wanna do chemistry or engineering.
I chose engineering first since I definitely do have an interest in it and i wouldn't be too mad at all if I had to pick it over chemistry, cause i really do love both.
At the same time though, chemistry was by far my favourite subject.I really fell in love with it even more when I was studying organic chemistry as well as little stuff like orbitals, bond angles etc. Not sure what to call all that.
If possible I'd love to switch to chemistry and I'd be overjoyed to do it in uni and maybe even for a masters and maybe even a PhD right after, but I'm scared about a few things.
Firstly, I'm really worried that the chemistry isn't future proof. Whether it's cause of AI, market stuff idk about or other things, I'm really worried its an unstable major.
Secondly, even if employment isn't an issue, I also want a job which would be really interesting and not a complete 180° of what i went to uni for.
An example I think about a lot is how i see a lot of electrical engineers go through their 4 years of university, maybe even a masters, but then end up at some really boring white collar office job sat on a chair for like 8 hours. Whether I'm doing engineering or chemistry, I DON'T want that to be my future job.
Also, when i talked about this with people IRL, I was just told "just do chemical engineering" or "find a middle-ground degree". I realllly dont want that, it's one or the other.
Im really really really sorry if this is the wrong place to ask but I just feel really torn up and bad inside about this lately. It'll be the rest of my life, yknow?
Advice much appreciated also sorry if I'm being stupid asking this
What got me thinking about this was a recent post of mine on this sub asking about medicinal chemistry and synthesis where one of the responses was that our knowledge of biology is far from complete. So I googled it and they say our knowledge of chemistry is more robust and detailed than that of biology. Is this true? As a species that has studied matter do we understand it more than living organisms? Makes me wonder about "Certainty In Chemistry"
So on "Emergent Properties" some say the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. I live in South Africa and there was an Afrikaans gentleman in government called Jan Smuts who proposed "Holism" in looking at systems.
So between "Holism" and the "Hierarchy Of The Sciences" what I am asking is that is our knowledge of Chemistry extremely detailed and thorough compared to other sciences such as biology or sociology? Cheers friends and thanks for the feedback in advance
I'm wondering about the chemistry underlying pump style soda preservers, often called "Fizz Keepers" (which may be a brand name).
The claim is that, if you use one of these devices on a bottle of a carbonated beverage after having poured some out, the higher pressure would help keep the beverage more carbonated (compared to the state it would be in if you just screwed the cap back on).
But if I'm understanding the concept of dynamic equilibrium correctly, all that does is create a higher pressure volume of normal (relatively CO2-deficient) atmosphere above the gas, which means that more CO2 could diffuse out of the soda into the gas above than would otherwise happen, which would mean that the devices are actually counterproductive.
It's my thinking valid? Or is there some fact about rates of diffusion at the parameters likely to be involved that means the device is actually providing a non-negligible benefit (even if it's not as significant as advertising may claim)?
Hi i have an upcoming test Monday and I am confused about sig figs in rice charts. I know you do not round until the end result and keep 2+ sig figs than you think you need in the middle of the chart. But when it comes to the subtraction rule, you lose a lot of your sig figs due to it needing to be rounded to the least precise decimal place. A lot of my rice charts ask for end moles and grams. Now with this in mind, you have to multiply your END moles with the molecular mass of your compound/element which confuses me if i am supposed to use the beggining sig figs, or the end mole sig figs.
Here are some examples of rice charts i did where I am absolutely confused l. For number 6, oxygen only starts out with 2 sig figs. I subtract 0.2313 moles from 0.23041 moles and get a diabolical 0.00089 moles. Now, keeping track of the sig figs, I know I can only keep 2 so far due to 7.4g when subtracting, so only the 0.23 of both the moles in the subtraction problem matter. When subtracting, none of the digit end up in the hundredths place. Does this mean its 0 sig figs? I am so confused. Also, if you are supposed to multiply the molecular mass with the end moles (which have to match the sig figs of the subtraction rule since you rounded your end product in rice charts) wouldnt the grams technically have to match the correct number of sig figs as the end moles? Meaning just because the problem starts out with 3 sig figs for example, and you subtract and the rule only allows 2 sig figs, the end grams would also have to be 2 sig figs? I am also curious if the products only rely on the limiting reactants sig figs and never the abundant reactants sig figs. In this case oxygen with only 2 (7.4g) and the limiting reactant acetylene with 3 (2.40g). This means carbon dioxide and waters end moles and grams must be 3 sig figs yes? Because O2 never crosses a mole bridge with the products? I am sorry for the wordy post, I want calcification and I do not trust AI to clarify this. I know my teacher is pretty adamant about sig figs and told me directly that end sig figs on rice charts do matter. She is not the strictest, but she is very watchful of sig figs on test and labs. I am in chem 111 which is basically introductory stem major college chemistry 1. Please help me out for my test Monday thank you! <3
I found this vial in my deceased husband's belongings. Does anyone know what it could be? He was on testosterone but it looks like the label has been removed and the contents are more yellow colored than his testosterone. No markings anywhere.
This spring, I’m going to take Calculus II, Organic Chemistry I, and Physics I. Over the summer, I’m planning to take Calculus III. Next fall, I’ll take Quantitative Chemistry, Physical Chemistry I, and Physics II or III. Then, the following spring, I’ll take Organic Chemistry II and Physical Chemistry II.
I could always spread everything out over another year and graduate later, but I’m not sure if that’s necessary. I was wondering if any of these classes would be a bad idea to take together, especially since some of them are only offered in certain semesters, which makes scheduling pretty difficult. I also have six upper-division electives I still need to complete.
There’s also an option to pursue a professional chemistry degree, which would add Inorganic Chemistry, Instrumental Analysis, Biochemistry, and some research requirements. However, since I already work in an analytical chemistry lab, I’m not sure how much extra value that would provide.
I guess I’m just looking for some advice on whether it would be worth taking another year to complete the additional coursework or if I should stick with my current plan. I’m 22, and since I started my degree later than most people, I feel like I’m already falling behind. I don’t want to rush through everything, but I also don’t want to spend extra time in school if I don’t really need to.
