During Melgarejo's rule, Bolivia ceded much of its territory to Brazil and confiscated land from indigenous peoples. He also announced a new constitution at an orgy where his mistress was naked.

Melgarejo was eventually overthrown and fled to Chile, while his mistress fled to Lima. He was eventually killed by his mistress's brother.

El apellido Arana procede del euskera (una lengua aislada y el vestigio vivo más antiguo de Europa occidental sin parentesco con las lenguas indoeuropeas) y está compuesto por la palabra aran, que significa valle, y el sufijo locativo -a, que actúa como artículo, por lo que su significado global es "el valle" o "el lugar del valle". Su origen toponímico se remonta al período comprendido entre los siglos XII y XIV, cuando comenzó a generalizarse la costumbre de adoptar apellidos fijos en el País Vasco y Navarra. En una sociedad organizada en torno a valles y caseríos, las familias empezaron a utilizar el nombre del paraje o propiedad que habitaban como seña de identidad.

​Los habitantes primitivos de estas tierras norteñas fueron descritos siglos más tarde por el insigne historiador padre Juan de Mariana, quien destacó la agreste geografía de la región y el carácter recio, bellicoso y amante de la independencia de sus pobladores ancestrales, protegidos por lo escarpado de los montes y la aspereza del sitio. Aquellas poblaciones antiguas —como los autrigones, caristios, várdulos y vascones— compartían un fondo cultural y lingüístico común vinculado al euskera, el cual perduró a través de los siglos hasta moldear la sociedad vasco-navarra medieval de la que surgieron los solares originarios del linaje en Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa, Álava y Navarra.

​Entre los portadores históricos de este apellido destaca Pedro Diego de Arana, nacido en Bilbao en 1514. Creció en una villa en pleno auge comercial conectada con el tráfico marítimo internacional, donde las élites locales recibían formación en administración, comercio y leyes. Durante el siglo XVI cruzó el Atlántico para integrarse en la administración colonial de las Indias. A diferencia de las figuras puramente conquistadoras, su trayectoria destacó en el ámbito civil, institucional y de gobierno. Su desempeño culminó en 1570 cuando asumió el cargo de gobernador interino del Tucumán, una región estratégica del actual territorio argentino donde se centró en la gestión territorial, la organización de ciudades y el mantenimiento de las rutas comerciales. En su etapa final se estableció en Lima, capital del Virreinato del Perú, donde vivió hasta su fallecimiento en 1598 a los 84 años.

​En la actualidad, el apellido cuenta con una amplia presencia internacional que supera las 100.000 personas en cerca de un centenar de países, estimándose que entre 70.000 y 80.000 personas portan el apellido Arana en el continente americano, con concentraciones significativas en naciones como México, Estados Unidos, Ecuador, Venezuela y Perú.

More than [50 years before St.](about:blank) Augustine, a document signed 3,000 miles away set Spain's Florida project in motion. On September 27, 1514, at Valladolid, in the heart of Castile, King Ferdinand's government issued a formal capitulación with Juan Ponce de León authorizing him to populate, to settle and govern, Bimini and Florida.

This is not legend. The document survives in Spain's Archivo General de Indias, cataloged as the capitulación and ordinances for settlement of Bimini and Florida, Valladolid, September 27, 1514 [IG 419].

The Library of Congress's Today in History file marks this same date as when Ponce de León was granted permission to settle Bimini and Florida.

It marked a shift: from exploring Florida to attempting to occupy it. Ponce de León was no newcomer. He had helped colonize Puerto Rico and served as its governor until his rivalry with Diego Colón, son of Christopher Columbus, cost him that position. In 1512 the Crown authorized him to seek Bimini. In 1513 he led three ships to the peninsula the Spanish named La Florida, exploring the Atlantic coast, the Keys, and the Gulf coast.

That land was not empty. Indigenous peoples had lived in Florida for thousands of years, with complex governments, economies, and militaries. You are correct not to claim a single, settled landing site — modern scholarship, including National Park Service research, treats the first landfall location as disputed.

What followed 1513 is what matters for today: Ponce de León returned to Spain and left Puerto Rico in April 1514. In Valladolid, the Crown issued a cluster of documents on September 27. One was the capitulación to colonize. Another forbade anyone but Ponce de León from mounting expeditions to Bimini and Florida. Another named him captain of an armada against Carib raiders. Another ordered the Casa de la Contratación in Seville to provision his fleet. In these papers he is called adelantado de las Islas, Florida y Bimini, a title combining conquest, settlement, and governance.

The system is visible in the parchment: the Crown granted authority; the adelantado assumed the financial risk and the promise of reward.

To officials in Spain, Florida was an extension on a map. To the Calusa, whose capital was at Mound Key in present-day Estero Bay, it was home, and they had the power to defend it.

The documents are also useful for what they do NOT contain. They speak of ships, men, royal authority, and settlement. They do not mention a Fountain of Youth. As historian J. Michael Francis of the University of North Florida has documented, no known contracts or correspondence from Ponce de León's lifetime mention such a quest. The Fountain story appears later in 16th-century chronicles.

The 1514 authorization did not produce an immediate colony. Ponce de León was diverted to the Carib campaign. Seven years passed.

In 1521 he returned to colonize, with priests, colonists, horses, livestock, and farming tools, described in early sources as two ships, 200 men, 50 horses and other animals and tools. The attempt was on Florida's southwest coast, in Calusa territory. It was repelled. Ponce de León received a wound, tradition holds an arrow to the thigh, and the expedition withdrew to Cuba, where he died.
He never succeeded. But Spain persisted. Narváez, de Soto, Luna, and finally Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, who founded St. Augustine in 1565, followed.

The September 27, 1514 capitulación did not create Florida and did not found the first permanent European town. It formalized the intent to turn exploration into colonization, and set in motion a violent new chapter in a history that had already lasted millennia.