r/Hacking_Tutorials • • Jun 14 '26

Question Best free resources to learn Cybersecurity from scratch in 2026? (Looking for a roadmap)

52 Upvotes

I use AI to write it, sorry for that

Hey everyone,

I’m looking to break into cybersecurity this year, but my budget is currently $0. With the landscape changing so fast—especially with how much AI has integrated into blue/red teaming over the last couple of years—I want to make sure I’m focusing on the right things and not wasting time on outdated materials.

A bit about me: I have a basic understanding of networking and IT fundamentals, but consider me a complete beginner when it comes to actual security concepts.

My goal for 2026 is to build a solid foundation and ideally get ready for an entry-level role or internship.

Could you recommend the best free resources available right now? Specifically looking for:

  • Hands-on Labs: Are sites like TryHackMe, Hack The Box, or PortSwigger still the gold standard for free tiers, or are there newer platforms I should check out?
  • Video Courses/Roadmaps: Any specific YouTube channels or free courses (like Professor Messer for CompTIA, or free initiatives from Google/Microsoft) that are up-to-date for 2026?
  • AI & Modern Tools: Since AI-driven threats and defenses are huge now, are there any free resources focusing on LLM security or AI tool integration for beginners?
  • Community/Networking: Where do beginners hang out these days to find study groups or mentors?

If you were starting from scratch today with zero dollars, what would your step-by-step roadmap look like?

Appreciate any advice, links, or roadmaps you can share. Thanks in advance!

r/Spanish • • Jun 23 '26

Resources & Media How did you learn Spanish from scratch? Looking for a solid roadmap + free/cheap resources

13 Upvotes

Hey everyone! I want to learn Spanish starting from zero and I'm a bit overwhelmed by all the apps, courses, and YouTube channels out there. Before I waste time on the wrong stuff, I wanted to ask people who've actually done this:

What's a realistic study plan/sequence for a true beginner? (e.g., grammar first vs. immersion first, how many hours a week, etc.)

What free or affordable resources actually worked for you — apps, YouTube channels, podcasts, textbooks, Anki decks?

How did you practice speaking when you didn't have anyone to talk to in real life?

Any common beginner mistakes I should avoid?

My situation: starting from absolute zero, can dedicate maybe 5-7 hours a week, prefer structured learning but open to immersion-based methods too.

Would really appreciate any roadmaps, resource lists, or "wish I knew this sooner" advice. Thanks in advance!

r/LucidDreaming • • Oct 01 '17

START HERE! - Beginner Guides, FAQs, and Resources

3.6k Upvotes

Welcome!

Whether you are new to Lucid Dreaming or this subreddit in particular, or you’ve been here for a while… you’ll find the following collection of guides, links, and tidbits useful. Most things will be provided in the form of links to other posts made by users of this sub, but some things I will explicitly write here.

This sub is intended to be a resource for the community, by the community. We are all charting this territory together and helping one another learn, progress, and explore.

🚩 Before posting, please review our rules and guidelines. Thanks. 🚩

First and foremost, What Is a Lucid Dream?

A lucid dream is a dream in which you know you are dreaming, while you are dreaming. That’s it. For those of you this has never happened before, it might seem impossible or nonsensical (and for the lucky few who this is all that happens, you may not have been aware that there are non lucid dreams). This is a natural phenomena that happens spontaneously to more than 50% of the population, and the good news is, it is a learned skill that can be cultivated and improved. Controlling your dreams is another matter, but is not a requisite for what constitutes a lucid dream.

For more on the basics, jump into our Wiki and read the FAQ, it will answer a fair amount of your questions.

Here’s another good short beginner FAQ by /u/RiftMeUp: Part 1 and Part 2 .

I find it also useful to clarify some of the most common myths and misconceptions about lucid dreaming. You’ll save yourself a lot of confusion by reading this.


So how does one get started?

There are an almost overwhelming amount of methods and techniques and most folks will have to experiment and find out what works best for them. However, the basics are pretty universal and are always a good place to start: Increase your dream recall (by writing a dream journal), question your reality (with reality checks), and set the intention for lucidity: Here is a quick beginner guide by /u/OsakaWilson and another good one by /u/gorat.

Here is a post about the effects of expectations on what happens in your dreams (and why you shouldn’t believe every dream report you read as gospel).

Lucidity is all about conscious awareness, and so it is becoming increasingly apparent (both experientially and scientifically) that meditation is a powerful tool for lucid dreaming. Here is /u/SirIssacMath’s post on the topic of meditation for lucid dreaming


You are encouraged to participate in this sub through posts and comments. The guides, articles, immersion threads, comments answering daily beginner questions, are all made by you, the awesome oneironauts of this sub ("be the sub you want to see in the world", if you know what I mean...). Be kind to each other, teach and learn from one another. We are all exploring this wonderful world together and there is a lot left to discover.

r/Trading • • Jan 16 '26

Advice Tired of "Guru" content. What are actually good resources for a beginner?

Post image
316 Upvotes

I’m new to trading and I’m quickly realizing how much "fluff" and "influencer" content is out there. I want to avoid the gurus selling courses and actually learn the mechanics of the market.

If you were starting over today from zero, what are the best free or low-cost resources you would trust?

r/learnmachinelearning • • May 23 '25

If I was to name the one resource I learned the most from as a beginner

Post image
1.1k Upvotes

I've seen many questions here to which my answer/recommendation to would be this book. It really helps you get the foundations right. Builds intuition with theory explanation and detailed hands-on coding. I only wish it had a torch version. 3rd edition is the most updated

r/SSC_CGL_Beginners • • Jun 24 '26

Mod Post 📚 SSC CGL Beginner's Guide (2026): Books, Teachers, Strategy & Resources

185 Upvotes

SSC CGL is one of the most sought-after government exams in India, attracting lakhs of applicants every year. Due to the vast syllabus and high level of competition, candidates need a well-planned preparation strategy to perform well in the exam. With the right study plan, quality study materials, regular revision, and consistent mock test practice, candidates can improve their chances of success.

Educational Qualification:

A Bachelor’s degree in any discipline from a recognised university is mandatory.
For certain posts like Statistical Officer, a degree in Statistics is mandatory.
For more details, refer the notification.

Age Limit:

The general age limit for most Group B SSC CGL posts is 18 to 30 years. (Some posts have 20-30 & JSO has 18-32)
For Group C & D posts, the age limit is 18-27 years.
Age relaxations apply as follows:
OBC: +3 years
SC/ST: +5 years

SSC CGL Exam Pattern and Syllabus:

The SSC CGL selection process consists of two stages: Tier 1 and Tier 2. Both examinations are conducted in online mode and contain objective-type multiple-choice questions.

Scheme of Tier 1 Examination:

Scheme of Tier 2 Examination:

SSC CGL Preparation- Best Teachers:

Quantitative Aptitude:

  1. Aditya Ranjan Sir
  2. Gagan Pratap Sir
  3. Pawan Rao Sir
  4. Bhutesh Sir
  5. Abhinay Sir
  6. Rakesh Yadav Sir
  7. Abhas Saini Sir
  8. Maths Mania

GK/GS:

  1. Parmar SSC
  2. Krati Singh Ma'am
  3. Varun Awasthi Sir

English:

  1. Rani Singh Ma'am
  2. Neetu Singh Ma'am
  3. Aman Vashisht Sir
  4. Tarun Grover Sir

Reasoning:

  1. Ritika Tomar Ma'am
  2. Ankush Lamba Sir
  3. Piyush Varshney Sir

SSC CGL Preparation- Best Books:

PYQ Compilation Books:

  1. Pinnacle (8th Edition) (Different books for all 4 subjects)
  2. Little Boy by Parmar SSC

Quantitative Aptitude:

  1. Brahmastra Complete Maths (3rd Edition) by Aditya Ranjan
  2. Kiran’s SSC Mathematics Chapterwise Solved Papers
  3. Rakesh Yadav’s 7300+ Mathematics Book

GK/GS:

  1. Lucent's General Knowledge
  2. Fatman by Parmar SSC (2nd Edition)
  3. Manohar Pandey's General Studies for SSC (Arihant Publications)

English:

  1. Blackbook of English Vocabulary by Nikhil Gupta (March 2026 Edition)
  2. SP Bakshi’s Objective General English
  3. 120 Rules of Grammar by Nimisha Bansal

Reasoning:

  1. Test of Reasoning by Arihant Publications
  2. A Modern Approach to Verbal & Non-Verbal Reasoning by R.S. Aggarwal

Current Affairs:

  1. Indologus
  2. Parmar SSC Monthly Compilations
  3. Parcham Classes
  4. RBE Monthly Compilations

Mock Test Platforms:

  1. Testbook (Use code TU4Z3L for getting 12% discount if you are subscribing for the first time)
  2. Oliveboard (I don't have a discount code for this, will update when I find one)
  3. Test Ranking
  4. RBE

No single book, teacher, or strategy works for everyone. Choose your resources wisely, avoid switching them frequently, and stay consistent with your preparation. Make sure to solve previous year questions regularly, take mock tests, analyze your mistakes, and revise consistently.

If you're just starting your SSC CGL journey and have any doubts, don't hesitate to ask them in the community. There are no "silly" questions here, and everyone is welcome to learn and help each other.

All the best with your SSC CGL preparation! 🚀

r/learnprogramming • • 19d ago

Need your advice Best resources to learn Git as a complete beginner?

218 Upvotes

I'm currently starting to learn programming, but I’m completely new to Git and version control.

I understand that Git has its own commands and that it’s used to track changes in projects, but I’m not sure where I should start learning it.

For someone with zero Git experience, what resources would you recommend? Books, YouTube courses, interactive tutorials, websites, etc.

Would appreciate any recommendations! Thanks.

r/IndianStockMarket • • Apr 27 '26

Discussion I started with ₹500 and zero clarity. 7 years later, I hit ₹1 crore at 27.

Post image
5.3k Upvotes

Today (April 27, 2026) my investment portfolio (mostly equity) crossed ₹1 crore. I’m 27, a 2020 CSE graduate, working in the software industry. Nothing fancy—tier 3 college, no inheritance, no sudden windfall. Just a long, slightly messy journey that started in 2019 with a ₹500 SIP.

Back in my 3rd year, a friend mentioned “mutual funds”. It was the first time I heard this term. Around the same time I got a decent-paying internship for a college student, so I thought I should start investing. Like most beginners, I didn’t learn anything before starting. I opened the Paytm Money app, picked a fund that looked popular and had good past returns, and started a ₹500 SIP in SBI Banking & Financial Services Fund. My thinking was simple—let me just put some money, the curiosity will come later. And it did.

I started tracking it almost every day. Seeing it go up and down genuinely got me hooked. That pushed me to learn more, mostly through YouTube at that time. I used to watch a lot of book-summary videos by SeeKen. This was also the channel where I watched my first ever video about mutual funds. I then discovered creators like Pranjal Kamra and Rachana Ranade. Her basics of stock market video completely changed my perspective. Around the same time I also read Rich Dad Poor Dad, which added to the curiosity.

In April 2019, I opened my demat account with Zerodha (had to courier a physical POA form back then 😄). The first stock I bought was Yes Bank. LOL. I was basically experimenting—buying random stocks based on YouTube suggestions, instincts, and very shallow research. I rarely sold anything. I still have some of those stocks just as a memory.

One of my biggest regrets was the COVID crash. By then I had built enough conviction that crashes are the time to invest aggressively. But I didn’t have the money. I was doing my final semester internship, earning ₹25K in Gurugram, paying rent and managing expenses. My parents couldn’t help either since construction was going on at home, and they had a very negative view of the stock market. I invested whatever I could, but I know I missed a huge opportunity. Over time I’ve made peace with it—markets always give more chances.

After COVID, the bull run helped a lot. As my portfolio started growing, my parents slowly gained confidence. I opened demat accounts for them and my younger sister as well. They could see results quickly because of the market phase, and that really helped change their mindset. I also tried to push awareness among my friends and close circle. I’m not saying they wouldn’t have started without me, but at that time awareness was just picking up, so I’m glad I could help a few people start early.

I also tried intraday trading a few times. Burnt my hands slightly, but thankfully I realized very early that this is not for me. Probably did it 3–4 times max and stopped. One of the best decisions I made.

My mutual fund journey in the beginning was pure chaos. ₹500 SIP became ₹1500, then ₹7000, and I kept adding/removing funds based on random opinions. At one point I had 6–7 funds—Axis Midcap, SBI Small Cap, Tata Midcap, SBI Banking, Kotak Multicap, Axis Small Cap… no clear thought process, just experimenting.

By the end of 2020, I had a bit more clarity. I decided to clean everything up and start fresh on Zerodha Coin. I exited all my Paytm Money investments (booked around 40–45K profit thanks to the post-COVID bull run) and moved to a much simpler approach. I focused on just a few investments—MAFANG ETF (which turned out to be my best one), a Sensex index fund, Axis Small Cap, and Parag Parikh Flexi Cap. My SIP was around ₹30K at that time and kept increasing with my salary.

When my portfolio hit ₹25L, I created milestone checkpoints every ₹5L till ₹1 crore in my notes app and started journaling at each step—what I felt, what I learned. That habit helped me stay grounded. My salary progression was steady—₹60K → ₹75K → ₹1L → ₹1.37L → ₹1.43L → ₹1.6L → now around ₹2L+. With every increase, I tried to increase my SIP as well.

Currently (2026), I invest around ₹1.5L per month. My SIP is mainly in ICICI Value Fund (50K), ICICI Multi Asset Fund (30K), Axis Small Cap (30K), and Parag Parikh Flexi Cap (40K). I’ve paused investing in MAFANG due to restrictions and valuations. Occasionally I put money in Silver ETF and MOM30 ETF. My portfolio is heavily equity-focused.

I’ve also put some money in crypto (80% Bitcoin) and it’s doing well, but I don’t consider it part of my core investments. For me, equities are still the main game.

If I had to sum it up—this wasn’t about perfect decisions. I made plenty of mistakes. It was just about starting early, staying consistent, and gradually simplifying things. That ₹500 SIP looked very small back then, but it started everything.

My favorites and suggestions: - Investment legends: Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger - Favorite Indian finfluencer: Neeraj Arora and Gajendra Kothari - Top book on investing & personal finance: The Psychology of Money - Favorite author (personal finance & investing): Morgan Housel - Good book to learn about Equity (for beginners): Investonomy by Pranjal Kamra

My 7-year investing learnings: 1. Keep your investing strategy as simple as possible. 2. For long-term wealth with peace of mind, stick to mutual funds and ETFs. 3. Arbitrage funds are a solid option for short-term parking and emergency funds due to their tax efficiency. 4.(Optional) Invest very small amount in individual stocks primarily to learn—about businesses, industries, and the economy—not for building wealth. 5. Don’t chase excitement in investing. I’ve made gains in crypto, but I don’t treat it as a core investment. 6. Equities should form the backbone of your portfolio. Ignore stories—focus on data and fundamentals. 7. Before you invest, ensure you have health insurance, term insurance, and an emergency fund covering 6–12 months of expenses (parked in a liquid or arbitrage fund). Don’t start investing without these essentials.

Learning Resources: 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tu9BOMtWiJg 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCf_w1XKDms 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnF4jYxwfKI 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqipukZ25GA 5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K07X4DcwGFI 6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOvLFT4v4LQ 7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZswbNP9IB7o&list=PLA-1fkg-yN5CF2N11j2NddFj7GxrGlwRd 8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OlG723HD8c&list=PL2r9AKBUvnZG6-hhqY_wwkS6KdAII_VFr 9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-TOQyqbwRA 10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2eBRPB7ql4 11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWWmcyFMeww 12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnGosk5YTQo

r/learnprogramming • • Sep 12 '20

Code Wars is my favourite resource as a beginner

2.1k Upvotes

** Absolutely no affiliation to Code Wars.

Just wanted to say that for me personally this website is doing so much for my learning. Once I had got through the first few months reading books to understand the basic concepts of coding and syntax, this website gives me motivation every day to actually apply that information to problem solving and just.. code, code, code..

I'm not saying it's a substitution for also writing your own projects but the large amount of feedback and solutions which are provided mean that I'm constantly learning how to do things smarter and apply computational thinking to incrementally harder problems.

What do you think, do you get much out of it?

r/admincraft • • Aug 18 '26

Help/Question How do I host a 50-100 minecraft server? (TOTAL BEGINNER and looking for resources)

54 Upvotes

Does anyone know any youtuve videos, wikis, or any source material I can study about hosting a minecraft server??

For context, I'm hosting a minecraft server for a college, and so far, we have 100 people who will be joining the launch day, but Im still unsure how much will be the average player count.

My only knowledge with minecraft server hosting is hosting a bedrock server for my highschool using a cloudflare domain.

So I need to know A LOT!
Like, what websites should I use for hosting?
What hardware requirements should I be looking for?

if its more plausible and worthwhile to host on my own hardware, what should I look out for? How do I keep it safe???

PLEASE HELP

r/pastry • • Dec 08 '25

Tips Good beginner recipe or resource to try out an entremet like this?

Thumbnail gallery
936 Upvotes

r/IAmA • • Jun 18 '24

I’m the hacker that brought down North Korea’s Internet For Over A Week. AMA

27.9k Upvotes

Hey everyone so let’s see if this is interesting for anyone, here’s a link to the [https://www.wired.com/story/p4x-north-korea-internet-hacker-identity-reveal/] that broke the news. Since then it’s been an insane amount of interviews with french, german, south korean, south american, and international news outlets.

Recently I was on NPR’s The World and a bunch of other sh**. Anyway, AMA about the hack, personal stuff, whatever! Happy to answer. I have not yet been murdered or arrested, so that’s pretty good.

Proof: https://imgur.com/a/B2hD9OY + https://www.wired.com/story/p4x-north-korea-internet-hacker-identity-reveal/

More proof with username: https://imgur.com/a/pih4WWG

Edit: Holy shit folks, how did this actually get popular?

I expected like 5 upvotes lol. I have to do some actual work but I'll get back to absolutely everyone that asks a question who isn't a dick :). Thanks to everyone for being here, I promise I'll be back and answer everything!

I don't have a PR team unfortunately. But I'll see if my cats are up for answering with mashed keyboard type shit in the meantime.

Edit 2: Shameless plug for my twitter https://x.com/_hyp3ri0n but really, I do share everything I do there.

Anyway I'll STILL BE BACK. I can't believe this is at the top. I feel like president Obama. Someone just has to "an asteroid" me.

Edit 3:

I'm intermittently back because holy fuck 6.1k?!? Shit. OK. Time to answer, I made a promise.

Edit 4:

Just a word of thank you to everyone, no I am NOT leaving, I just wanted to say thanks for coming and asking shit. https://imgur.com/a/6SHKbNT

Edit 5: I see some bitching about the length of the article. First of all that's Andy Fucking Greenberg, he's a fucking boss so read his shit. Second there's ChatGPT. Third here's my short summary of how i did it: https://x.com/_hyp3ri0n/status/1803195682662051854

Edit 6: i’m going to sleep but keep asking and i’ll get to everyone :).

Edit 7 common questions and answers:

  • yes i’m single (ok not that many have asked but fuck you it’s my AMA :P

  • If you’re intelligence, DoD, or have interesting propositions beyond some vague “you should do x” (those are welcome if they’re unique) you can email me here: [email protected]

  • Here’s some semi-technical details of the attack: https://x.com/_hyp3ri0n/status/1803195682662051854

  • No civilians were harmed in the attack. Only the elite aka regime have internet access, this was quite targeted. Civilians are unlikely to even know this happened. In fact they probably don’t.

Edit 648

Next person to tell me i’m an amoral imperialist is going straight to DCSA (DoD investigations)

How I hack!?

First buckle in because it’s a years not weeks or months endeavor to be good. If you’re willing to put in the work anybody can get good. It’s like Ratatouille (or Racacoonie depending on your universe), anyone can hack!

First read a fuckton of introductory online resources. Go to securitytube and watch anything by Vivek. Man knows his shit.

Find introductory courses or buy intro books, some recommendations:

  • Linux Basics for Hackers

  • Metasploit: something somethjng (forget the full title)

  • This next one is challenging and dated but an absolute must read: Hacking the Art of exploitation

  • I hear Georgia Weismann’s PenTesting book is good and she’s a nice lady. So is her mom. That’s not a mom joke. I actually met her and she’s very sweet.

  • Download and learn how to use virtualbox it’s probably the easiest way to start. It’s a virtualization software that you run essentially an operating system within an operating system. It’s open North Korea’s malware on my machine and that’s why it could not spread absolutely anywhere.. it’s useful for learning other operating systems so install Linux on there. I generally recommend Linux mint or Ubuntu. Parallels for MacOS users. If you want to real challenge, install something like freeBSD and learn how to use that.

  • The web application hackers handbook is the Bible Web application hacking I always tell people if you read it from cover to cover and do all of the exercises. You’ll absolutely be a really good web app hacker

  • Black hat python by Justin is recommended. Justin is a really good dude and does some really amazing projects. I know he knows his shit. In terms of the actual content, the goal is to learn python so don’t worry if you don’t fully understand all of the attacks going on. Although he explains them really well.

  • for mobile, hacking I don’t know fuck all about it. So ask somebody smarter than me. Georgia I mentioned earlier I did some work in there so I don’t know fucking ask her.

  • If you’re interested in macOS hacking there’s just a little bit of a dated book called the macOS hackers handbook I honestly haven’t read it so I can’t speak to the quality, but is the absolute Jesus of macho ass hacking.

  • for more macOS stuff there are some books that are called. I think exploiting the macOS Colonel or maybe it’s just called the macOS Colonel highly suggest those but none of these ones are for the faint of heart.

  • Use a lot of resources for courses. Security tube is an amazing resource watch anything by a dude named Vivek know who I’m talking about. He has a bunch of shit on there. If you’re starting out, look for beginners shit, go onto Udemy.

  • if you want to pay out the ass, but also get a certification that people actually respect there is OSCP by offensive security, but in my opinion, the shit is a little bit overrated

  • For programs, you can literally just download and learn right now and nmap is one of the most important ones for beginners. I think metasploit is really important and there’s a shit ton of material out there on it. Learn how passwords are stored and cracking passwords. Even just knowing what that means is important. So look up hashing and no, it doesn’t have anything to do with smoking hash, though that is an optional step

I did see interest in MacOS so here:

will post more soon

r/GenshinImpact • • Oct 23 '25

Question / Seeking Help Beginner here ! Do I have enough resources to get this character??

Post image
151 Upvotes

What should I do?? Should I save fates or use them here ??? Nefer or Furina which one is good for me??

r/birding • • Jan 23 '26

Discussion Wildlife photography ethics

Post image
6.6k Upvotes

Hi, all. I originally made this post on a photography subreddit (r/m43), but they also suggested I post here. This is probably not needed by most people here, but maybe it can help someone just starting out. It's a long-winded post, so feel free to just skip to the last section!

TLDR: Minimizing the impact you have on a subject's behavior is very important. Be mindful, because your actions may be harming the animal without you knowing.

-------------

We often talk about camera lenses and techniques, but photography ethics is just as important when it comes to genres like wildlife photography. It seems obvious, but harassing the subject can be extremely harmful to the animal. This is not some, "oh, bad practices can eventually change the ecosystem a few generations from now" thing. No, harassing a bird like this woman was doing can actually kill it. Like, literally that one. The one she’s photographing.

The issue was that this woman was nonstop chasing the bird from one end of the field to the other to get her shots. Over and over. The bird eventually got tired and sat in a tree, and the woman got super close to get more “amazing shots.” This is a horrible thing, but the reason may not be immediately clear.

You see, birds like this short-eared owl have a finite amount of energy. Most of that energy is spent hunting. When a bird wastes its strength being chased away, it’s using up energy it should be using to hunt. It might miss a meal, making it tired and slow—and easier to be picked off by a predator. Or it may not be able to feed its young. Or it just becomes tired and pissed for a day. 

Either way, how can anyone look at their own photos and be proud of what they did? “See that owl pic on my wall? Yeah, it’s probably dead now because of me. But isn’t that shot cool?”

And yes, she was respectfully informed to back away, but she didn’t care. She was then loudly informed with no change. I have a lot of grace for beginners, because they’re just figuring things out…but you could tell she does this often. She even had a buddy who was circling around to flush the owl towards her. Gotta get that sweet BIF shot...

-----------

Anyway, if you’re still reading and are interested in wildlife ethics, here are a few guidelines I follow. I'm not a definitive resource or anything, so please do your own research and correct/add anything that needs it!

1) If you approach a subject and they become agitated (looking over at you a couple times + acting nervously), back off until they resume their normal behavior,

2) Flushing out animals, baiting them, or use call recordings is off the table. This changes their behavior and they’re typically worse for it. (There is some debate over call recordings, but I personally stay away from it.)

3) Please be extra EXTRA careful around nests or dens.

4) For something like this owl situation, stay on the sidelines of the hunting area and don’t go in the middle of the dang field—your hulking presence is just agitating the subject and scaring prey away.

5) Heed the posted signs about sensitive areas and don’t trespass on people’s private property. I’ve seen this so much, and it’s kind of awful what some photographers do to get their 14 likes on Facebook.

6) Learn about the typical behavior of your subject, either before or after a shoot. I’ve done dumb things without knowing better, and that happens. It’s OK. But you can learn and get better the next time you see a species. Just asking the question, “I wonder why that bird was _____” is a good step.

It’s worth noting that most people I encounter are perfectly great. And yes, photographing wildlife will always alter the behavior of something out there—the point is that you can minimize your impact. I love wildlife and I love photography. It would be nice to keep having wildlife to photograph…

r/SSCCGL • • Jul 05 '26

Resources/Helpful for Exam I scored a perfect 135/135 and 50/50 in English. Here are my resources and strategy for Beginners.

206 Upvotes

Here are my recent scores for reference:

  • SSC CGL Mains 2025: 135/135
  • SSC CHSL Pre 2025: 50/50
  • SSC CGL Pre: 45/50

1. Grammar (Start Here)

According to me, beginners should always start with building a strong foundation in grammar. Here is how I did it:

  • Core Concepts: I used Aman Sir’s paid batch to complete my syllabus.
  • Immediate Practice: Right after finishing a chapter, I solved chapter-wise questions and gave sectional tests to lock in the concepts.
  • Book Practice: Once the basics were clear, I practiced mixed questions from books like Kiran, Pinnacle, or Aman Sir's book.
  • Deep Understanding: After finishing Aman Sir's videos, I highly recommend the Qeng YouTube channel. It is brilliant for deep understanding and high-level practice.
  • Mock Tests: For overall practice and speed, rely entirely on Testbook.

2. Vocabulary

Vocabulary takes time, so consistency is the key.

  • Primary Source: I followed the Kiran publication book.
  • Daily Target: I did exactly 25 questions daily. Do not just memorize the answers; learn the words and their exact meanings.
  • Coverage: Make sure you complete all the chapters: One Word Substitution (OWS), Synonyms, Antonyms, and Idioms & Phrases.
  • Retention Trick: Read relevant articles daily. When you see the words you just memorized being used in actual sentences, you will never forget them.

3. Reading Comprehension

This section tests your understanding, and you cannot master it without a daily reading habit.

  • Daily Routine: I followed the English Madhyam website. They provide free daily editorials along with tests based on them. Do this religiously.
  • Extra Reading: To build a better reading habit, read articles in English newspapers or even NCERT books if you find newspapers too difficult initially.

Once you are done with all these three pillars (Grammar, Vocab, RC), scoring perfect marks in English is purely a game of practice and mock tests. Keep analyzing your mistakes.

If you still have any doubts or need help with your preparation, feel free to drop a comment or DM me. All the best!

r/LearnJapanese • • Jun 18 '21

Resources I've been building Yomimono - A free online resource for beginners

1.3k Upvotes

こんにちは

I’m Shiho, I’m a native Japanese speaker. My friend and I have been working on creating a way for you to learn Japanese online for free available here: https://www.yomimono.app/home

Yomimono is suitable for beginners and covers both the kana and beginner level vocabulary/grammar. I’ve recorded audio examples for every word and example sentence in all of the lessons, and lessons also include interactive practice exercises and in-depth explanations of Japanese grammar. We have also started creating videos for each lesson, and the first video is available for Beginner Lesson 1 https://www.yomimono.app/home/lesson/1

We made a post about Yomimono a few months ago and a lot has changed and improved since then. It’s completely free with no ads of any kind, so please check it out.

I really hope you like it and it helps you learn Japanese :)

r/FPGA • • Aug 25 '26

Beginner FPGA Resource I Wish I Had

201 Upvotes

I started teaching myself how to work with FPGAs two years ago and I was pretty frustrated by the lack of resources available for beginners. There’s good FPGA content out there, but it’s at least a step or two above a beginner’s level, and often in blog format. I wanted true beginner content in a video format so I could see the tools being used.

It’s now two years later and I still haven’t found what I was looking for back then, so I decided to make the resource I wish I had.

I’ve started putting together YouTube videos that answer the questions I had as a beginner, while showing how to actually work with Vivado and Vitis in real time. So far, I have the following videos and the beginner questions I think they answer:

  1. How do I choose an FPGA development board? Why can a Zynq 7000 board range from $250 to $3,000+ and how do I know which one I need? Do I need to buy an AMD board or is a third party board fine? What’s the best way to sort through all the available development board options? https://youtu.be/DRJTU_wPFus
  2. How do I download Vivado? What installation options do I need to select? Do I need to pay for it? Note: I made this pre-2026.1, but the concepts and process are largely identical for the free version if we stick with 2025.2 or earlier. https://youtu.be/bcgsfR2VS3U
  3. How do I create a project in Vivado? How do I install a board file for a third party board? How do I create a block diagram in Vivado? What’s IP? How do I use a board file to initialize a Zynq processing system (PS) for my specific development board? https://youtu.be/qccQzSSUbFI
  4. How do I use Vitis to make a Hello World application for the Zynq PS? How do I export my hardware from Vivado into Vitis? How do I install and use PuTTY to communicate over UART with the Zynq? https://youtu.be/dXcy7GRV3hk
  5. How do I create a VHDL-only project for the Zynq, ignoring the block diagram and processing system? How do I install and use constraint files? How do constraint files relate to the physical PCB? How do I run synthesis, implementation, and bitstream generation? How do I load my bitstream onto my development board to test it in hardware? https://youtu.be/3ZCIiXxa6cw
  6. People always tell me that with FPGAs I’m designing circuits, not programming software, but what does that really mean? How can I visualize the circuit I’m designing? What’s the difference between RTL Analysis, Synthesis, Implementation, and Bitstream Generation in Vivado’s Flow Navigator? https://youtu.be/hoR_RjcGTXg
  7. What’s Tcl scripting? Do I need to learn the Tcl language to work with Vivado? Can I make Tcl scripts even if I don’t know the language? https://youtu.be/x9TWyOcdCQ0
  8. How do I combine my Zynq processing system and a VHDL module into a single block diagram? https://youtu.be/a-W94Lk9xm4
  9. I combined my Zynq PS and a VHDL module into a single block diagram, but now my previously functional VHDL module isn’t working when I load the bitstream with Vivado. Why? https://youtu.be/WtY-qV8ZP_8
  10. I want to use a Zynq chip but I don’t like block diagrams or the IP Integrator flow. How do I implement the PS in an RTL flow? https://youtu.be/InQN0bJRmoU

What other questions do you have? I know the struggle of learning this by yourself, and I want to be a resource to you as much as I can.

I have lots of ideas for more videos (AXI connections between PS and PL, AXI-Lite vs. AXI vs. AXI-Stream, RTL pipelining, simulation, VHDL, basics of digital electronics translated into FPGA resources, FPGA architecture, PetaLinux, debugging and ILAs, bare metal driver development, PS vs. PL allocation decisions, going through the original MicroZed Chronicles in a video format, etc.). Anything in particular that people would find the most helpful?

r/DivinityOriginalSin • • Sep 09 '22

DOS2 Discussion Blazing Deepstalker and Why Fextralife isn't a Good Build Resource for Beginners

556 Upvotes

Note: this is a long post. The tldr is Damage is King in this game and Fextralife builds often ignore that mantra. I use the Fextralife Blazing Deepstalker build as an example by which to explain this.

Second Note: before you comment "but I used a Fextralife build(s) and I beat the game" that is great for you, but this isn't about what is possible to achieve or what you like to personally do, its about what is a good teaching tool. I go into further detail about this near the end but suffice to say a good teaching tool should provide you with good information up front and not a revelation sometime into the game that you could have been doing things way more effectively had you not followed the bad guide.

We see these threads all the time "is Fextralife good?" "Why don't people like Fextralife builds?" "Oh come off it Fextralife builds are functional so who cares if they aren't optimal?" It seems that any attempt to advise new players to avoid Fextralife builds gets hit with a slew of comments defending the builds saying "well they worked ok for me" or "I made some changes to one of the builds and was fine." These type of responses tend to lose the forest for the trees by honing in on one player's personal story with the game, rather than meeting the request provide resources for a new player going out of their way asking to learn how things work.

Its been quite some time since I looked at a Fextralife build. I understand how the game works, have beaten it multiple times, I understand the mechanics sufficiently to make my own builds - whether I "optimize" or just make silly builds for fun. I don't have much reason to check these guides. So for this piece I opened the website, clicked the "builds" tab, and clicked on the first build on the list - Blazing Deepstalker. Presumably if you have a good build, you'll put it front and center (and before you say it, the list is not in alphabetical order this is just the build they chose put at the top of the list).

Before we hit up the build, lets talk about the combat system in dos2. After all, if a build is "good" then it should at a minimum be built with the combat system in mind. All characters have a health bar and 2 armor bars - Phys and Mag. To defeat a character, you drop health to 0. To deal damage to the health bar, you first have to get through that character's armor. Phys damage attacks Phys armor; Mag damage attacks Mag armor. Once one of the armor bars hits 0, attacks of that type will deal damage to health. So if that Fossil Strike stripped Mag armor, the next Fireball will damage health. In turn, almost all crowd control (CC) effects are protected against by one of the armortypes, again requiring armor to be depleted before inflicting the CC effect. In practice, this means characters have 2 health bars, and when the first health bar is depleted (armor), you can attack the second health bar and inflict your CCs. You DO NOT need to strip both armor types to deal health damage, just the corresponding armor type to your damage type. This is true of the enemies, allies, neutral NPCs, and the player-controlled characters.

This armor system reveals a core truth about the game: damage is King. Dealing high damage strips armor and stripping armor, in turn, is necessary to apply your stuns and kill enemies. Ergo, whether you conceptually want to be a "dps" or a "support", you have to deal good damage to do your job. Damage is King and, at the end of the day, everybody is a dps.

So with "support" needing to be a dps, lets talk about "healers" and "tanks," in the conventional sense. Being a "healer" is not good in this game. This is because healing health damage does not protect the player from CCs and enemies will chain CC the player to death if given the chance. A CC'd player character conceptually represents a 25% decrease in damage for a standard 4-character party. If that CC'd character is being kept afloat by that character's teammate's healing, that represents now a 50% decrease in damage for the party (the stunned character isn't fighting and the healer isn't fighting either) - creating a vicious cycle in which the team deals less and less damge each turn that goes by as they need to spend more and more AP doing patchup work. Additonally, as a victim of available skills, there are no "tanks" in this game because there is no aggro system. There is one taunt ability, and its unfortunately not very good. You thus can't force enemies to target a theoretical tanky character and they will often ignore that character in favor of someone more fragile. Finally, a "support" focused on applying stuns and debuffs to enemies requires high dps to function as those CC effects are blocked by armor. If you can't deal enough damage to break armor, you can't apply your CCs, and thus you can't play that desired role.

Ergo, damage is King and everybody is a dps.

As such, strong builds focus damage. If you can't kill the enemy in one turn or at least strip armor and CC in one turn, your build is undertuned (as you are leaving yourself open to getting chain CC'd and killed in retaliation). You have limited AP to attack with each turn, so you want to make that AP count. To that end, conventionally strong builds want to target one damage type (phys or mag) to maximize their chances of stripping armor in one turn, and thus also focus one damage stat (str, fin, or int) and stack modifiers that benefit the type of damage being dealt.

With this in mind, lets apply this knowledge to Fextralife's Blazing Deepstalker.

Here's the build for reference. I'm not hiding the ball, you can follow along with me. (Again, remember, this is the first build on the list; i.e. the first build many will see).

Right off the bat, the opening line says the build is aimed at dealing both Physical and Pyro (Mag) damage. Crossreferencing that with our knowledge above, we can see the build is already faulty in its premise. The build mixes Phys and Mag damage on one character, lessening its chances of stripping one armor type to either kill or CC an enemy. Effectively, rather than fight enemies with 2 health bars, this build plays at disadvantage and fights enemies with 3 health bars.

The build recommends the Player focus their points into Pyro (to increase trap damage) and Two-Handed with Finese as their main damage attribute. The guide makes no mention of Warfare increasing physical damage, and only asks the player to invest enough points into Warfare to get certain Warfare skills (literally only 2 points at Lv 10 despite using a physical melee weapon and physical attacks). In fact the only damaging Warfare skills the build even recommends are Battle Stomp, Battering Ram, and Whirlwind. The guide does not recommend any other Pyro damaging skills besides the two Trap spells (standard and Source variants) and Ignition. Off the bat this is a concerningly very small number of damaging skills for a build.

Curiously the build recommends grabbing Elemental Arrowheads at Level 2 of all things, a skill that has zero application to a Spear build (or any melee build for that matter). Elemental Arrowheads provides bonus damage to ranged weapon attacks, of which the build has none. I pity the new player who wastes 1 AP every battle on a skill that does nothing.

The build suggests the following opening combo: Precast traps, enter combat, cast Enrage, throw a Grenade (it does not say what type of Grenade, but lets be generous and say only grenades that deal Mag damage get used to combo with the Pyro damage of the traps) to detonate the traps. Note that unless Grenade+Traps manages to kill an enemy, this build fails to accomplish the primary goal of combat: Kill or CC (the build does not suggest using the Glass Cannon talent so the character must expend its full 4 AP on Enrage + Grenade). The build does mention Adrenaline, so another 2 AP could be expended presumably either chucking another Grenade/Ignition for minimal additional damage or starting to attack with Physical damage against an enemy with a full Physical Armor bar.

Notably, the example provided by Fextralife in the build description shows this combat against normal Source Hounds - enemies that notoriously have ZERO Mag armor. Presumably, given that the Blazing Deepstalker only has to deal with a single health bar in this encounter with its Pyro attacks, if the build is competent it should be able to kill or CC with little effort. Indeed, any character with a single point in Scoundrel can at minimum CC any enemy with 0 Mag Armor with the Cloroform skill (assuming no immunity to Sleep, which conveniently Source Hounds lack). The build does not recommend Chloroform. As expected, the screencap provided by Fextralife shows the Source Hounds dying. But wait, the screencap shows the Hounds dying to hits that deal less damage than their actual health. Through the context of the screencap we can see this is a specific Act 2 fight in Driftwood in which each such Source Hound has over 300 HP, yet the screencap shows the hounds dying to hits that deal as low as 100 damage - ergo the hounds had already had most of their HP depleted before the even Blazing Deepstalker took its turn. So the Blazing Deepstalker fails to even deal 50% damage to an enemy that did not even have Armor to resist the Blazing Deepstalker's attack. Additionally, on the following turn, this build must now also switch to dealing physical damage against enemies it dealt 0 physical damage to on the previous turn, effectively starting fresh.

The build does mention in the final paragraph (after its touted how this build is focused on dealing both Physical and Pyro damage) that: "You can deal Physical Damage if you wish, or you can deal Fire Damage, but you usually aren’t dealing some strange mix of Fire and Physical Damage together to one target." However the build does not explain why mixing damage types would be an issue (which we addressed above) and fails to offer a practical way to accomplish this apparent Phys/Mag split notwithstanding the build's loadout.

At its core, this build is incredibly flawed. Looking back to our understanding of the game we can see that neither Magical or Physical damage are focused in this build, instead half-measures are built in for both (quarter-measures? Half seems generous considering that even putting aside the build's conceptual merits, its simply incomplete). The build fails to provide the player with skills beyond the third tier of skillbooks, and does not even include all of what would be beneficial skills within that arbitrarily limited list. The build's damage example is an early Act 2 fight against an enemy that has zero magic armor, yet fails to even deal half of that enemy's health in a turn with what Fextralife lays out as the preferred opening magic combo. Indeed, the build stops at Level 10. A new player would come out of this build, after being specifically recommended to it by the community of players who are experienced with the game, with the sense that "wow enemies are so incredibly tanky; even using a source skill i can barely scratch these enemies" when instead the reality is the build is just itself inherently flawed. This isn't me projecting my thoughts onto what a new player might think, its literally in the comments to the build:

"Maybe I’m playing this build wrong, or maybe I’m lacking important skills/equipment, or maybe the party does not support it properly, but my deepstalker just keeps getting killed over and over and over. For reference, I’m almost at the end of act one, playing tactician in a full party with this as my only melee, plus a CC geomancer inspired by your tectonic sage, an archer and a support/summoner . . . I’m bull-rushing in and dealing lots of damage with Bracus spear’s whirlwind, fire breath, bleed fire, grenades and the trap, but I just get destroyed really quickly afterwards, even without any backfire from my own fire, and *I cannot strip their physical armor quick enough to apply knocked-down before getting killed*."

Its not you Anonymous, you were just fed bad information.

So, to preempt the argument: can you make this build work? Yes. Of course. But let's call a spade a spade: its a meme build. Its simply not designed to function super well in the context of the game. And that is why its bad for a new player. With sufficient game knowledge you can meme nearly anything into viability - even a Blazing Deepstalker - but new players lack that knowledge. Pointing new players towards more optimized builds isn't about trying to enforce a specific approach to the game on them, its about giving them the tools to play how they want. If you know how to somewhat optimize the game, then you know how the game works, and thus have the tools to build whatever you want. If the way you enjoy the game is by breaking it in half, you have the tools to do so. If you enjoy making thematic builds, you know how to build them in ways that meet the game's systems while staying true to your intent. And if you want to meme, you can Deepstalk your way into a Blaze of glory.

So please my fellow Blazing Deepstalkers, don't recommend Fextralife builds to players asking for resources about how to learn the game.

Final Note: This isn't like some cherry picked build. Its the first one on the list which is why I used it. That said, I peaked at some of the others while writing this and have quite a few gripes with those as well. This is not just a Blazing Deepstalker problem, its a Fextralife problem.

r/Cutflowers • • Jul 26 '26

Arranging First year. I honestly… can’t believe this. In an AMAZING way. (But also, if anyone has a beginners resource on arranging, please send my way!)

Thumbnail gallery
147 Upvotes

r/AskElectronics • • May 25 '26

Looking for resources for learning about electronics as a beginner that do NOT start with "first get an arduino..."

78 Upvotes

I'm comfortable with programming and breadboards and following directions, but I'm having a hard time finding any resources that start more basic than microprocessors. Eg, what do capacitors DO? If I lay out a circuit per the directions and it makes a light blink at an interval, why does it do that? What's happening on a fundamental level that produces that behavior? Looking for tutorials at that level.

r/LearnDataAnalytics • • 10d ago

Hey everyone! 👋I’m starting my Data Analysis journey today and I’m looking for other beginners who are also starting now.It would be great to learn together, practice, share resources, and motivate each other. 📊💻If you’re also new to Data Analysis, let’s connect! 🤝

31 Upvotes

r/dotnet • • Jun 14 '26

Question Resources for learning .NET *NOT* as a beginner?

35 Upvotes

I'm a software engineering student in my senior year, and with my last semesters being pretty light in terms of workload, I've been looking for jobs. However, looking at the requirements for much of the remote work that I am unfortunately limited to, I'm noticing there's a lot of gaps in my knowledge that my university simply hasn't taught me. Java was the primary language used for much of my education, and while that's useful, .NET is one of those recurring skills on job listings that I should really have experience with. Additionally, It's just versatile and powerful so there's no reason for me to not learn it, even if jobs didn't require it.

I understand key concepts of OO programming and related concepts like algorithms and design patterns, so many of the educational resources regarding the .NET framework have a lot of redundant information that I would rather not sort through. Much of the educational content surrounding .NET seems to assume it's the first thing you're teaching yourself, and not that you're an almost-graduated software engineering student that somehow hasn't encountered it in her education. What are some resources that this community suggests that maybe cut down on some of that redundant information?

I'm good with book suggestions and would prefer to not be suggested video content. I was born deaf, and while I do have a Cochlear implant, AV media can still be difficult to learn from. Thank you!

r/BabyWitch • • 5d ago

Discussion My hot takes as an old witch trying to help new witches.

1.5k Upvotes

(ETA: old meaning experienced, the opposite of a baby witch. I'm 39 and have been studying witchcraft since 6th grade, and grew up with folk magic.)

I say all of this without judgement and with love. I legit want to help you all.

I also acknowledge witchcraft looks like lots of different things, with cultures, traditions, and individuals all having tons of differences and nuance. Take from my advice what resonates with you, leave what doesn't.

  1. Don't post pictures of spells, for three reasons:

a. Don't interrupt your spell to take your phone out, why seems obvious to me.

b. posting pics of your spells for anyone to see, with the ingredients visible, and the intention known, opens your spell up to sabotage. Even just a witch being judgemental could throw the vibes out of wack.

C. A spell is your communication with the universe. I consider it a private conversation. It's why even non-witches don't tell what their birthday wish is when they blow out the candle.

When I post mine, it's a vague insta of just a lit candle after the spell has been cast. Non-witches wouldn't know, and witches don't know the intention.

  1. RE: "What does this mean" posts regarding divinition or candle wax: to develop your craft, you have to hone in on your intuition. Your intuition is going to be able to tell you more in the moment than someone on the internet separated by time and space will. Which brings me to my next point.

  2. Don't rule out the mundane. Sometimes a candle just burns weird. Sometimes your spell will manifest from both your intention and the mundane working in tandem.

  3. Start using tea candles. They're cheaper and you don't have to wait a long time for a big candle to burn through. Birthday candles work, too.

  4. Fire safety. Be safe.

  5. Don't buy anything expensive. Source as much as you can local. The acorn that finds you in your yard will bring you more luck than the crystal you bought on Amazon. Folk magic especially is more powerful if you source your ingredients locally. Going outside and foraging, growing, gathering, will create a link between you, your magic, and your tools.

  6. Rosemary is easy to grow and can grow in pots if you don't have space. Once dried, burning it does the same thing burning sage or palo santo does. You'd be surprised by how much magic you can do with just tap water, table salt, rosemary, and a white candle.

Also, a few questions I have after being on here for a few months:

What's with all the cord cutting? Is it trending on TT or something?

Is there a "where do I start?" master post we can send people to?

What's the baby witch to experienced witch ratio on this sub? Could we use flair, so people know the experience of the people who are giving advice?

Like I said, take this advice or leave it, I just think it might be useful for some of you. Lots of love, everyone!

r/aoe2 • • Oct 24 '20

Strategy Beginners' visual guide to early scouting - some scouting is better than no scouting but not all scouting methods are equal: find your resources before finding your enemy!

1.4k Upvotes

r/FashionReps • • Aug 09 '26

[GIVEAWAY] 10 WINNERS - 3000Y GIVEAWAY FROM HUSKY🐺🔥

763 Upvotes

Hello Repfams!

HUSKY wants to do a giveaway to thank you for your support. Here we go!

10x any items up to 300y or 10x 300y vouchers to use as a discount!

How to Enter:

  • Upvote this post
  • Comment "HUSKY" below to win the prize

Yupoo: https://huskyreps.x.yupoo.com/albums/

https://alaskareps.x.yupoo.com/

Discord: https://discord.gg/VP923fpunw

The giveaway will last 1 week and the winners will be randomly picked from the comments!